Sustainable Structural Systems Collection – serie

As structural engineers move further into the age of digital computation and rely more heavily on computers to solve problems, it remains paramount that they understand the basic mathematics and engineering principles used to design and analyze building structures.The link between the basic concepts and appliatcion to real world problems is one of the most challenging learning endeavors that structural engineers face. The primary purpose of this book is to assist structural engineering students with developing the ability to solve complex structural analysis problems.It covers numerical techniques to solve mathematical formulations, which are necessary in developing the analysis procedures for structural engineering. Once the numerical formulations are understood, engineers can then develop structural analysis methods that use these techniques. This will be done primarily with matrix structural stiffness procedures. Finally, advanced stiffness topics will be developed and presented to solve unique structural problems, including member end releases, non-prismatic, shear, geometric, and torsional stiffness.

This book makes the case for a systems approach to small-scale community development projects. It specifically looks at the application of one branch of systems science, called system dynamics, to develop conceptual models of small-scale communities and address specific issues they might be facing at different scales. A systems approach recognizes that, by definition, communities are complex adaptive systems consisting of multiple subsystems and parts (e.g., individuals, institutions, and infrastructure) that are interconnected, driven by some purpose, follow certain rules, and interact with each other and with their surrounding environment. In order to address community issues and problems, complexity and uncertainty must be embraced and dealt with. Inside, the author emphasizes and shows how to include a system- and complexity-aware approach in the different phases of small-scale community project management. Adopting this approach comes with unique challenges such as dealing with ill-defined problems, considering uncertainty, recognizing that no unique and best solutions to complex problems exist, and accepting satisficing solutions. The text demonstrates the need for community development practitioners to integrate in all stages of their projects: participation, systems thinking, continuous reflection-in-action, and a combination of critical and creative tools.

Over the past two decades, extensive research has been conducted on the application of fiber-optic sensors (FOSs) in structural health monitoring (SHM). In Volume 1 of this book a long-gauge sensing technique for incorporating a proposed areawise sensing, developed by the authors, was introduced. High precision and good durability of the long-gauge sensors were also demonstrated via technical improvements that further enable the applications of optical fiber sensors and carbon fiber sensors. In Volume 2, based on the merits of the long-gauge sensors, the methods that have been developed for processing areawise distributed monitoring data for structural identification are introduced. A discussion follows on how those methods are capable of performing a rich recognition of local and global structural parameters including structural deflections, dynamic characteristics, damages, and loads. Also presented is a three-level method of structural performance evaluation that utilizes monitoring data and identified results.

Structural health monitoring (SHM) can be characterized as the integration of sensing and intelligence to enable the potential damage to be monitored, analyzed, localized, and predicted in real time and in a nondestructive manner. Over the past two decades, extensive research has demonstrated that fiber-optic sensors (FOSs) are well suited for SHM sensing requirements in infrastructure systems. In this book, a brief overview of SHM and the application of FOS are presented. The book focuses on advanced techniques that utilize fiber-optic long-gauge sensing and overcome the limitations of traditional sensing and fulfill the requirements of infrastructure systems. The long-gauge FOSs have the merit of revealing both micro- and macrolevel information. Subsequently, a new approach, areawise distributed monitoring, is thoroughly discussed and its superior performance in SHM demonstrated. Finally, the application of areawise distributed monitoring, combined with the aforementioned long-gauge sensing technique, is presented for groups and networks of complex infrastructure systems.

A new approach to seismic assessment of structures called endurance time method (ETM) is developed. ETM is a dynamic analysis procedure in which intensifying dynamic excitations are used as the loading function. ETM provides many unique benefits in seismic assessment and design of structures and is a response history-based procedure. ETM considerably reduces the computational effort needed in typical response history analyses. Conceptual simplicity makes ETM a great tool for preliminary response history analysis of almost any dynamic structural system. Most important areas of application of ETM are in the fields of seismic design optimization, value-based seismic design, and experimental studies. This book is aimed to serve as a coherent source of information for students, engineers, and researchers who want to familiarize themselves with the concepts and put the concepts into practice.

Over the past two decades, the use of finite element method as a design tool has grown rapidly. Easy to use commercial software, such as ANSYS, have become common tools in the hands of students as well as practicing engineers. The objective of this book is to demonstrate the use of one of the most commonly used Finite Element Analysis software, ANSYS, for linear static, dynamic, and thermal analysis through a series of tutorials and examples. Some of the topics covered in these tutorials include development of beam, frames, and Grid Equations; 2-D elasticity problems; dynamic analysis; composites, and heat transfer problems. These simple, yet, fundamental tutorials are expected to assist the users with the better understanding of finite element modeling, how to control modeling errors, and the use of the FEM in designing complex load bearing components and structures. These tutorials would supplement a course in basic finite element or can be used by practicing engineers who may not have the advanced training in finite element analysis.

Over the past two decades, the use of finite element method as a design tool has grown rapidly. Easy to use commercial software, such as ANSYS, have become common tools in the hands of students as well as practicing engineers. The objective of this book is to demonstrate the use of one of the most commonly used Finite Element Analysis software, ANSYS, for linear static, dynamic, and thermal analysis through a series of tutorials and examples. Some of the topics covered in these tutorials include development of beam, frames, and Grid Equations; 2-D elasticity problems; dynamic analysis; composites, and heat transfer problems. These simple, yet, fundamental tutorials are expected to assist the users with the better understanding of finite element modeling, how to control modeling errors, and the use of the FEM in designing complex load bearing components and structures. These tutorials would supplement a course in basic finite element or can be used by practicing engineers who may not have the advanced training in finite element analysis.

A new approach to seismic assessment of structures called endurance time method (ETM) is developed. ETM is a dynamic analysis procedure in which intensifying dynamic excitations are used as the loading function. ETM provides many unique benefits in seismic assessment and design of structures and is a response history-based procedure. ETM considerably reduces the computational effort needed in typical response history analyses. Conceptual simplicity makes ETM a great tool for preliminary response history analysis of almost any dynamic structural system. Most important areas of application of ETM are in the fields of seismic design optimization, value-based seismic design, and experimental studies. This book is aimed to serve as a coherent source of information for students, engineers, and researchers who want to familiarize themselves with the concepts and put the concepts into practice.

The primary purpose of this book is to introduce risk and reliability concept into structural design.A structure should be designed taking into account safety, reliability, and economy. Reliability is the probability of successful function, and risk is the potential for unwanted negative consequence of an event. In structural engineering, risk analysis involves the investigation of the probability of rare events. Risk analyses are typically made on the basis of information, which is subject to uncertainty. These uncertainties may be divided into inherent or natural variability. The objective of a structural design is the assurance of successful performance over the useful life of structures or engineering systems.The primary purpose of this book is to introduce risk and reliability concept into structural design. It will cover and review reliability theory and risk analysis to solve structural engineering problems. The book was formed from the easy to the difficult and complicated concepts. Content was written from the basic concepts of uncertainties, structural safety analysis, structural reliability under repeated load, and fatigue reliability. Based on the introduction of failure modes and bounds theory, structural system reliability theory is subsequently discussed. Numerical formulation and examples are provided to enhance the study efficiency of students, engineers, and researchers.This book is suitable for adoption as a textbook or a reference book in a structural reliability analysis course. Furthermore, this book also provides a theoretical foundation for better understanding of the structural safety assessment.

With the development in global economic and transportation engineering, the traffic loads on brides have been growing steadily, which become potential safety hazards for existing bridges. In particular, long-span suspension bridges support heavy traffic volumes and simultaneous truck loads on the bridge deck, and thus the safety and serviceability of the bridge deserves investigation. In this book, a multiscale reliability method is presented for the safety assessment of long-span bridges. The multiscale failure condition of stiffness girders is the first-passage criteria for the large-scale model and the fatigue damage criteria for the small-scale model. It is the objective of this book to provide a more in-depth understanding of the vehicle-bridge interaction from the random vibration perspective. This book is suitable for adoption as a text book or a reference book in an advanced structural reliability analysis course. Furthermore, this book also provides a theoretical foundation for better understanding of the safety assessment, operation management, maintenance and reinforcement for long-span bridges and motivates further research and development for more advanced reliability and serviceability assessment techniques for long-span bridges.

Science diplomacy and policy can support collaborative national and international science for advancing knowledge with societal impact in fields such as climate, space, medicine, and the environment. Scientific advances made possible by the basic and applied research carried out by government agencies, universities, and nongovernmental organizations create opportunities and challenges with growing impact on policy decisions. Developing structures that produce the best science information to policy makers is becoming more critical in an ever-changing world.This three-volume set presented by prominent figures from the disciplines of science, engineering, technology, and diplomacy includes their perspectives on potential solutions to opportunities 21st-century scientists, engineers, and diplomats face in the future: To shed light and interface science, technology, and engineering with the realm of policy; To provide a vision for the future by identifying obstacles and opportunities while focusing on several key issues.

This two-volume set describes a flexible and adaptive system-based methodology and associated guidelines for the management and allocation of community-based WELF resources.Over the next 50 years, rapid population, urbanization, and economic growth worldwide will create unprecedented demands for water, energy, land, and food (WELF) resources. The discussion on how to meet human needs for WELF resources and how to guarantee their respective securities has changed over time from looking at all four sectors in isolation to understanding their interdependency through the so-called WELF nexus. The approach presented in this book responds to the overall agreement in the WELF nexus literature that the management and allocation of WELF resources at the community level need to be examined in a more systemic, multidisciplinary, participatory, and practical manner while seeking to increase synergies and reduce trade-offs. This book was written to explore the value proposition of that approach. Volume 1 focuses on defining the landscape in which the nexus operates and outlines the proposed methodology. Volume 2 explores the quantitative and qualitative modeling of the nexus and landscape using system modeling tools including system dynamics. It presents a road map for the formulation, simulation, selection, and ranking of possible intervention plans. The proposed methodology is designed to serve as a guide for different groups involved in the science and policy decision aspects of the WELF nexus within the context of community development. The methodology focuses mostly on WELF-related issues in small-scale and low-income communities where securing resources is critical to their short- and long-term livelihood and development.

This two-volume book describes a flexible and adaptive system-based methodology and associated guidelines for the management and allocation of community-based WELF resources.Over the next 50 years, rapid population, urbanization, and economic growth worldwide will create unprecedented demands for water, energy, land, and food (WELF) resources. The discussion on how to meet human needs for WELF resources and how to guarantee their respective securities has changed over time from looking at all four sectors in isolation to understanding their interdependency through the so-called WELF nexus. The approach presented in this book responds to the overall agreement in the WELF nexus literature that the management and allocation of WELF resources at the community level need to be examined in a more systemic, multidisciplinary, participatory, and practical manner while seeking to increase synergies and reduce trade-offs. This book was written to explore the value proposition of that approach. This two-volume book describes a flexible and adaptive system-based methodology and associated guidelines for the management and allocation of community-based WELF resources.Volume 1 focuses on defining the landscape in which the nexus operates and outlines the proposed methodology. Volume 2 explores the quantitative and qualitative modeling of the nexus and landscape using system modeling tools including system dynamics. It presents a road map for the formulation, simulation, selection, and ranking of possible intervention plans. The proposed methodology is designed to serve as a guide for different groups involved in the science and policy decision aspects of the WELF nexus within the context of community development. The methodology focuses mostly on WELF-related issues in small-scale and low-income communities where securing resources is critical to their short- and long-term livelihood and development.

Science diplomacy and policy can support collaborative national and international science for advancing knowledge with societal impact in fields such as climate, space, medicine, and the environment. Scientific advances made possible by the basic and applied research carried out by government agencies, universities, and nongovernmental organizations create opportunities and challenges with growing impact on policy decisions. Developing structures that produce the best science information to policy makers is becoming more critical in an ever-changing world.This three-volume set presented by prominent figures from the disciplines of science, engineering, technology, and diplomacy includes their perspectives on potential solutions to opportunities 21st-century scientists, engineers, and diplomats face in the future: To shed light and interface science, technology, and engineering with the realm of policy; To provide a vision for the future by identifying obstacles and opportunities while focusing on several key issues.

Science diplomacy and policy can support collaborative national and international science for advancing knowledge with societal impact in fields such as climate, space, medicine, and the environment. Scientific advances made possible by the basic and applied research carried out by government agencies, universities, and nongovernmental organizations create opportunities and challenges with growing impact on policy decisions. Developing structures that produce the best science information to policy makers is becoming more critical in an ever-changing world.This three-volume set presented by prominent figures from the disciplines of science, engineering, technology, and diplomacy includes their perspectives on potential solutions to opportunities that 21st-century scientists, engineers, and diplomats will face in the future: To shed light and interface science, technology, and engineering with the realm of policy; To provide a vision for the future by identifying obstacles and opportunities while focusing on several key issues.

This book builds the subject from a foundation that static equilibrium occurs when the rate of change of work done by the load is equal to the rate of change of strain energy in the structure.Energy methods are a powerful tool for the stress analysis of loaded structures. This book builds the subject from a foundation that static equilibrium occurs when the rate of change of work done by the load is equal to the rate of change of strain energy in the structure. Advanced applications of the method are easily developed from this fundamental principle by partial differentiation of the appropriate terms. The methods solve linear problems, statically indeterminate structures, non-linear problems, frames and the derivation of stiffness matrices used in finite element analysis. Critical buckling loads for struts, plates and panels are modelled by comparison of the strain energy stored in the unbuckled and buckled shapes. This method develops an interesting discussion on the theory of buckling of a long slender strut which is additional to those in traditional texts. Post buckling stiffness of plates and panels are modelled using assumed shapes for strain energy calculation. The presentation offers a clear reasoning leading to analysis possibilities not seen in traditional texts which espouse concepts of virtual work, minimum potential energy, complementary energy, and the unit load method.

Structural health monitoring (SHM) can be characterized as the integration of sensing and intelligence to enable the potential damage to be monitored, analyzed, localized, and predicted in real time and in a nondestructive manner. Over the past two decades, extensive research has demonstrated that fiber-optic sensors (FOSs) are well suited for SHM sensing requirements in infrastructure systems. In this book, a brief overview of SHM and the application of FOS are presented. The book focuses on advanced techniques that utilize fiber-optic long-gauge sensing and overcome the limitations of traditional sensing and fulfill the requirements of infrastructure systems. The long-gauge FOSs have the merit of revealing both micro- and macrolevel information. Subsequently, a new approach, areawise distributed monitoring, is thoroughly discussed and its superior performance in SHM demonstrated. Finally, the application of areawise distributed monitoring, combined with the aforementioned long-gauge sensing technique, is presented for groups and networks of complex infrastructure systems.