World Scientific Series In 20th Century Physics – serie

This is a commemoration volume to honor Professor M Veltman on the ocassion of his 60th birthday. It contains articles on Gauge field theories, a subject to which Prof. Veltman has made many important and seminal contributions. Some of the contributions are based on invited talks given at the Conference held in Ann Arbor, Michigan, May 16 - 18 1991. The articles in the book cover a wide range of topics from formal and phenomenological to the experimental aspects of Gauge theories.

This is a commemoration volume to honor Professor M Veltman on the ocassion of his 60th birthday. It contains articles on Gauge field theories, a subject to which Prof. Veltman has made many important and seminal contributions. Some of the contributions are based on invited talks given at the Conference held in Ann Arbor, Michigan, May 16 - 18 1991. The articles in the book cover a wide range of topics from formal and phenomenological to the experimental aspects of Gauge theories.

The Salamfest was held to honor Prof Abdus Salam whose scientific contribution to the development and dissemination of physics has deeply influenced the course of scientific advancement. Colleagues, collaborators and former students met together to celebrate his scientific achievements, and discuss the highlights of recent advances in experiment and phenomenology in particle and condensed matter physics.The Contributors are: A Ali, G Altarelli, L Alvarez-Gaumé, D Amati, J Bahcall, A Chamseddine, R Delbourgo, M Duff, J Ellis, J Feltesse, P Frampton, M Green, G 't Hooft, T Kibble, G Mack, Y Ne'eman, L O'Raifeartaigh, J Pati, R Peccei, S Randjbar-Daemi, Riazuddin & Fayyazuddin, D Schramm, H Schröder, D Sciama, E Sezgin, Q Shafi, C Vafa, S Weinberg, P West, B Winstein, E Witten, C N Yang, A Zichichi and B Zumino.

Much instrumentation has been developed for imaging the trajectories of elementary particles produced in high energy collisions. Since 1968, gaseous detectors, beginning with multiwire chambers and drift chambers, have been used for the visualisation of particle trajectories and the imaging of X-rays, neutrons, hard gamma rays, beta rays and ultraviolet photons.This book commemorates the groundbreaking research leading to the evolution of such detectors carried out at CERN by Georges Charpak, Nobel Prizewinner for Physics in 1992. Besides collecting his key papers, the book also includes original linking commentary which sets his work in the context of other worldwide research.

Much instrumentation has been developed for imaging the trajectories of elementary particles produced in high energy collisions. Since 1968, gaseous detectors, beginning with multiwire chambers and drift chambers, have been used for the visualisation of particle trajectories and the imaging of X-rays, neutrons, hard gamma rays, beta rays and ultraviolet photons.This book commemorates the groundbreaking research leading to the evolution of such detectors carried out at CERN by Georges Charpak, Nobel Prizewinner for Physics in 1992. Besides collecting his key papers, the book also includes original linking commentary which sets his work in the context of other worldwide research.

This volume contains a discriminating selection of papers with commentaries by one of the most creative theoretical physicists of our century, Nobel Laureate Sir Nevill Mott. His pioneering contributions (1928 - 1993) include Fermi liquid theory, metal-insulator transition, the theory of noncrystalline materials, high-temperature superconductivity and many other discoveries.

This volume contains a discriminating selection of papers with commentaries by one of the most creative theoretical physicists of our century, Nobel Laureate Sir Nevill Mott. His pioneering contributions (1928 - 1993) include Fermi liquid theory, metal-insulator transition, the theory of noncrystalline materials, high-temperature superconductivity and many other discoveries.

This book contains selected papers of Prof Nambu who is one of the most original and outstanding particle theorists of our time. This volume consists of about 40 papers which made fundamental contributions to our understanding of particle physics during the last few decades.The unpublished lecture note on string theory (1969) and the first paper on spontaneous symmetry breaking (1961) are retyped and included. The book also contains a memoir of Prof Nambu on his research career.

This book contains selected papers of Prof Nambu who is one of the most original and outstanding particle theorists of our time. This volume consists of about 40 papers which made fundamental contributions to our understanding of particle physics during the last few decades.The unpublished lecture note on string theory (1969) and the first paper on spontaneous symmetry breaking (1961) are retyped and included. The book also contains a memoir of Prof Nambu on his research career.

This is a collection of important lecture and original articles and commentaries by Martin Perl, discoverer of the tau lepton and the third generation of elementary particles, and this year's Nobel Prize winner. This book contains a fascinating and realistic picture of experimental science based on the high energy physics research work carried out by him. Using reprints of his articles with his commentaries, the author presents the various aspects of experimental research in science: the pleasures and risks of experimental work; the pain and frustration with experiments that are useless or fail; the dreaming about experiments that were not carried out; the constant search for innovation and creativity in the work; and the special joy of discovery. The articles and commentaries range from the early days of bubble chambers and spark chambers in the 1950's to the author's present research, experiments at an electron-positron collider and a search for free quarks. The book is for the general reader as well as the scientist.

This book presents a selection of papers, written by Nicolaas Bloembergen and his associates during the years 1946-1962, on the subjects of nuclear magnetic relaxation, paramagnetic relaxation and masers, and magnetic resonance spectroscopy of solids. The volume begins with autobiographical notes to provide a personal historical background. Each paper is preceded by commentary with additional information regarding the early development of magnetic resonance in condensed matter. A reproduction of his Ph.D. thesis, “Nuclear Magnetic Relaxation”, Leiden, 1948, is included in this volume.

This volume contains the collected works of the eminent chemist and physicist Lars Onsager, one of the most influential scientists of the 20th Century.The volume includes Onsager's previously unpublished PhD thesis, a biography by H C Longuet-Higgins and M E Fisher, an autobiographical commentary, selected photographs, and a list of Onsager discussion remarks in print.Onsager's scientific achievements were characterized by deep insights into the natural sciences. His two best-known accomplishments are his reciprocal relations for irreversible processes, for which he received the 1968 Nobel Prize in Chemistry, and his explicit solution of the two-dimensional Ising model, a mathematical tour de force that created a sensation when it appeared. In addition, he made significant theoretical contributions to other fields, including electrolytes, colloids, superconductivity, turbulence, ice, electrons in metals, and dielectrics.In this volume, Onsager's contributions are divided into the following fields: irreversible processes; the Ising model; electrolytes; colloids; helium II and vortex quantization; off-diagonal long-range order and flux quantization; electrons in metal; turbulence; ion recombination; fluctuation theory; dielectrics; ice and water; biology; Mathieu functions. The different fields are evaluated by leading experts. The commentators are P W Anderson, R Askey, A Chorin, C Domb, R J Donnelly, W Ebeling, J-C Justice, H N W Lekkerkerker, P Mazur, H P McKean, J F Nagle, T Odijk, A B Pippard, G Stell, G H Weiss, and C N Yang.

This is a collection of important lecture and original articles and commentaries by Martin Perl, discoverer of the tau lepton and the third generation of elementary particles, and this year's Nobel Prize winner. This book contains a fascinating and realistic picture of experimental science based on the high energy physics research work carried out by him. Using reprints of his articles with his commentaries, the author presents the various aspects of experimental research in science: the pleasures and risks of experimental work; the pain and frustration with experiments that are useless or fail; the dreaming about experiments that were not carried out; the constant search for innovation and creativity in the work; and the special joy of discovery. The articles and commentaries range from the early days of bubble chambers and spark chambers in the 1950's to the author's present research, experiments at an electron-positron collider and a search for free quarks. The book is for the general reader as well as the scientist.

This book presents a selection of papers, written by Nicolaas Bloembergen and his associates during the years 1946-1962, on the subjects of nuclear magnetic relaxation, paramagnetic relaxation and masers, and magnetic resonance spectroscopy of solids. The volume begins with autobiographical notes to provide a personal historical background. Each paper is preceded by commentary with additional information regarding the early development of magnetic resonance in condensed matter. A reproduction of his Ph.D. thesis, “Nuclear Magnetic Relaxation”, Leiden, 1948, is included in this volume.

This book is a collection of the major scientific papers of Sir Rudolf Peierls (1907-95), including the Peierls-Frisch Memoranda of 1940 on the feasibility, and the predicted human effects, of an atomic bomb made of uranium-235. His papers range widely in topic. They include much on the fundamentals of solid state physics, the thermal and electric conductivity of materials as a function of temperature T (especially T→0), the interpretation of the de Haas-van Alphen effect observed for a metal in a magnetic field, and the basics of transport theory. Many are on problems in statistical mechanics, including his constructive paper demonstrating the existence of a phase transition for Ising's model for a two-dimensional ferromagnet. In nuclear physics, they include the first calculations (with Bethe) on the photo-disintegration of the deuteron (made in response to a challenge by Chadwick), the Kapur-Peierls theory of resonance phenomena in nuclear reactions, the Bohr-Peierls-Placzek continuum model for complex nuclei (which first explained the narrow resonances observed for low energy neutrons incident on very heavy nuclei), and the Peierls-Thouless variational approach to collective phenomena in nuclei. Several of Peierls's wartime papers, now declassified, are here published for the first time.Brief commentaries on most of the papers in this book were added by Peierls, to indicate subsequent developments and their relationship with other work, or to correct errors found later on. A complete bibliography of his writings is given as an appendix.

In 1967 a group of physicists from the University of Bologna, led by A Zichichi, published a proposal to search for a heavy lepton using the Frascati (e+e-) collider. The proposal, whose key pages are reproduced in this book on the 30th anniversary of the publication, was the consequence of many years of work started at CERN, where, in addition to the original idea of searching for a heavy lepton carrying its own leptonic number, new technologies were invented to allow the detection of a signal whose identification against the high background of hadronic processes was extremely difficult.More than ten years of work by A Zichichi, together with his students and his collaborators, have paved the way for the discovery of the Third Family of fundamental particles. In this authoritative volume, a group of eminent physicists unequivocally establishes the origin of the Third Family of the basic constituents of matter.

For the Galvani Bicentenary Celebrations, the University of Bologna and its Academy of Sciences singled out subnuclear physics as the field of scientific research to be associated with this important event, as it would best illustrate, for the new generation of students, the challenge inherent in fundamental sciences.Subnuclear physics was born 50 years ago and has represented, ever since, the new frontiers of Galilean science. In his opening lecture delivered on the first day of the new academic year, Professor Antonino Zichichi analytically reviewed the basic conceptual developments and main discoveries achieved in subnuclear physics during the last 50 years. Given the importance of this field of fundamental research, Professor Zichichi was invited to expand the contents of his lecture into a book, and the outcome is this invaluable volume.

UNDER THE SPELL OF THE GAUGE PRINCIPLE — by G 't HooftThe University of Bologna and its Academy of Sciences, in collaboration with the Italian National Institute for Nuclear Physics and the Italian Physical Society, celebrated in 1998 the bicentenary of a great pioneer in the field of electric phenomena — Luigi Galvani, the father of macroelectricity. During these two centuries, the physics of electric phenomena has given rise first to the Maxwell equations, then to quantum electrodynamics, and finally to the synthesis of all reproducible phenomena, the “Standard Model”. A cornerstone of the Standard Model is quantum chromodynamics (QCD), which describes the interaction between quarks and gluons in the innermost part of the structure of matter.The discovery of QCD will be recalled in the future as one of the greatest achievements of mankind. Many physicists, the world over, have contributed to its creation on both the experimental and the theoretical front. Professor Antonino Zichichi has played an important role in this scientific venture, as documented by his works which are reproduced in this invaluable volume.One of the founders of European physics, Professor Victor F Weisskopf, contributes with his memories of the time when QCD had many problems. This volume owes its existence to a founding father of QCD, Professor Vladimir N Gribov, whose sudden demise prevented him from directly contributing to its final edition. Two world leaders in subnuclear theoretical physics, Professors Gerardus 't Hooft and Gabriele Veneziano, illustrate the significance of the contributions of Antonino Zichichi in QCD.

Aage Bohr (1922-2009) was the central artificer of the unification of the independent (shell) - and of the collective (liquid drop) - models of the atomic nucleus. This unification constitutes the basis of what can be called the second discovery of the atomic nucleus, for which Aage Bohr and his close collaborator Ben Mottelson co-shared the 1975 Nobel Prize in Physics.The selected papers of Aage Bohr published in the present volume provide a clear account of Aage Bohr's ideas concerning the finite quantal many-body system. These ideas changed the nuclear paradigm and connected the field of nuclear physics with that of quantum condensed matter physics as well as with Quantum Electrodynamics (QED). It has also inspired a whole generation of theorists and experimentalists, helping to create the 'Copenhagen School of Nuclear Physics' which turned the Niels Bohr Institute into the Mecca for research in this subject during the 1960s and 1970s. The legacy of Aage Bohr's scientific achievements and that of the school he founded are felt to this day in connection with the cutting-edge research carried out at the forefront of nuclear structure and nuclear reaction studies.Remembering the words of the sage that 'We are dwarfs mounted on the shoulders of giants, so that we can see more and further than they', the present volume is an attempt at seeking illumination from Aage Bohr, through the reading of his masterfully written papers, and by reflecting over commonly experienced events. Furthermore, it may help practitioners acquire an overall view of the basis of modern theory of nuclear structure.

Yoichiro Nambu was one of the giants in the physics of the last century. His profound ideas in fundamental physics are still playing an important role and are being rediscovered over and over again.He preferred to share some of his deepest insights in talks, rather than publications, but Nambu's papers and talks were not easy to understand. Like the Japanese gentleman he was, he did not want to humiliate the reader with obvious statements. Even if it is an interpretation, it fits very well with his character of a very polite and considerate human being with a self-reliance inside him that he did not show on the outside. It is no wonder that many of his breakthroughs were not immediately appreciated by his contemporaries, with a late award of a well-deserved Nobel Prize. He was probably the only one in the highest stratum of physicists who was respected by everybody.The purpose of this book, half-history, half-physics is to trace Nambu's progress formulating some of his greatest ideas. It is structured in seven chapters, describing a paper or a series of papers (or talks) where Nambu's originality and genius emerge. Each chapter begins with a historical background section that sets the physics climate of the time, followed by a somewhat detailed discussion of his papers/talks.This tribute to Nambu hopes that he will be remembered and admired for many years to come.

This book is a compilation of the best papers of the Nobel Laureate Alexei Abrikosov, presenting a scientific overview of Abrikosov's life work in superconductivity. It also includes some biographical material and recollections of colleagues and friends.In addition to Abrikosov's famous paper in which he predicted the existence of superconducting vortices, which won him the Nobel Prize, the book also contains many of his other groundbreaking papers on superconductivity, condensed matter theory, and quantum field theory. Reading these articles will help the reader gain an insight into the great physicist's way of thinking and creative thought process. Any level of interested reader, from undergraduates to active research scientists, can benefit.

This unique volume presents the scientific achievements of Nobel laureate Philip Anderson, spanning the many years of his career. In this new edition, the author has omitted some review papers as well as added over 15 of his research papers. As in the first edition, he provides an introduction to each paper by explaining the genesis of the papers or adding some personal history.The book provides a comprehensive overview of the author's work which include significant discoveries and pioneering contributions, such as his work on the Anderson model of magnetic impurities and the concept of localization; the study of spin glasses, the fluctuating valence problem and superexchange; his prediction of the existence of superfluidity in He3; his involvement in the discovery of the Josephson effect; his discovery of the “Higgs” mechanism in elementary particle physics; and so on.The new papers added to this edition include ”Pressure Broadening in the Microwave and Infrared Regions” — a condensation of most of the author's thesis; ”Ordering and Antiferromagnetism in Ferrites” — the best-known of the papers written by the author involving what are known as “frustrated” lattices; and ”Localized Magnetic States in Metals” — a paper mentioned in his Nobel Prize citation along with localization and superexchange; to name a few.A Career in Theoretical Physics is an essential source of reference for physicists, chemists, materials scientists and historians of science. It is also suitable reading for graduate students.

During the period 1964-1972, Stephen L Adler wrote seminal papers on high energy neutrino processes, current algebras, soft pion theorems, sum rules, and perturbation theory anomalies that helped lay the foundations for our current standard model of elementary particle physics. These papers are reprinted here together with detailed historical commentaries describing how they evolved, their relation to other work in the field, and their connection to recent literature. Later important work by Dr Adler on a wide range of topics in fundamental theory, phenomenology, and numerical methods, and their related historical background, is also covered in the commentaries and reprints.This book will be a valuable resource for graduate students and researchers in the fields in which Dr Adler has worked, and for historians of science studying physics in the final third of the twentieth century, a period in which an enduring synthesis was achieved.

During the period 1964-1972, Stephen L Adler wrote seminal papers on high energy neutrino processes, current algebras, soft pion theorems, sum rules, and perturbation theory anomalies that helped lay the foundations for our current standard model of elementary particle physics. These papers are reprinted here together with detailed historical commentaries describing how they evolved, their relation to other work in the field, and their connection to recent literature. Later important work by Dr Adler on a wide range of topics in fundamental theory, phenomenology, and numerical methods, and their related historical background, is also covered in the commentaries and reprints.This book will be a valuable resource for graduate students and researchers in the fields in which Dr Adler has worked, and for historians of science studying physics in the final third of the twentieth century, a period in which an enduring synthesis was achieved.

Murray Gell-Mann is one of the leading physicists of the world. He was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1969 for his work on the classification and symmetries of elementary particles, including the approximate SU(3) symmetry of hadrons. His list of publications is impressive; a number of his papers have become landmarks in physics. In 1953, Gell-Mann introduced the strangeness quantum number, conserved by the strong and electromagnetic interactions but not by the weak interaction. In 1954 he and F E Low proposed what was later called the renormalization group. In 1958 he and R P Feynman wrote an important article on the V-A theory of the weak interaction. In 1961 and 1962 he described his ideas about the SU(3) symmetry of hadrons and its violation, leading to the prediction of the Ω- particle. In 1964 he proposed the quark picture of hadrons. In 1971 he and H Fritzsch proposed the exactly conserved “color” quantum number and in 1972 they discussed what they later called quantum chromodynamics (QCD), the gauge theory of color. These major publications and many others are collected in this volume, providing physicists with easy access to much of Gell-Mann's work. Some of the articles are concerned with his recollections of the history of elementary particle physics in the third quarter of the twentieth century.

Murray Gell-Mann is one of the leading physicists of the world. He was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1969 for his work on the classification and symmetries of elementary particles, including the approximate SU(3) symmetry of hadrons. His list of publications is impressive; a number of his papers have become landmarks in physics. In 1953, Gell-Mann introduced the strangeness quantum number, conserved by the strong and electromagnetic interactions but not by the weak interaction. In 1954 he and F E Low proposed what was later called the renormalization group. In 1958 he and R P Feynman wrote an important article on the V-A theory of the weak interaction. In 1961 and 1962 he described his ideas about the SU(3) symmetry of hadrons and its violation, leading to the prediction of the Ω- particle. In 1964 he proposed the quark picture of hadrons. In 1971 he and H Fritzsch proposed the exactly conserved “color” quantum number and in 1972 they discussed what they later called quantum chromodynamics (QCD), the gauge theory of color. These major publications and many others are collected in this volume, providing physicists with easy access to much of Gell-Mann's work. Some of the articles are concerned with his recollections of the history of elementary particle physics in the third quarter of the twentieth century.

This volume presents a collection of selected papers written by Prof Chou. The papers are organized into four parts according to the subject of research areas and the language of publishing journals. Part I (in English) and Part III (in Chinese) are papers on field theories, particle physics and nuclear physics, Part II (in English) and Part IV (in Chinese) are papers on statistical physics and condensed matter physics. From the published papers, it illustrates and is clearly evident how Prof Chou was constantly at the frontiers of theoretical physics in various periods and carried out creative research works experimenting with initial ideas and motivations, as well as how he has driven and worked in different key research directions of theoretical physics, all for which he has made significant contributions to various interesting research areas and interdisciplinary fields.

Coming into the 21st century, developments in three major areas of elementary particle physics — the electroweak theory with the Higgs mechanism, quantum chromodynamics, and string theory began to yield more and more concrete and successful results.Seeds of all these developments in contemporary particle physics were sowed by Nambu in prophetic lectures and papers from the 1960s-70s.The discovery of the Higgs-like scalar particle at the Large Hadron Collider in July 2011 was the climax for the idea of spontaneous symmetry breaking that Nambu had laid down at the beginning of the 1960s.In this book, we collect what we consider to be the most prophetic of Nambu's papers for the benefit of current and future generations of particle physicists of the world and made them easily accessible for all. It also contains articles never published before in a book form. This text is not only of historical value but also provides a window to the mind of a man many refer to as “Nambu the seer.”A must-have book for future researchers of elementary particle theory and for those interested in the history of modern physics.

Yoichiro Nambu was one of the giants in the physics of the last century. His profound ideas in fundamental physics are still playing an important role and are being rediscovered over and over again.He preferred to share some of his deepest insights in talks, rather than publications, but Nambu's papers and talks were not easy to understand. Like the Japanese gentleman he was, he did not want to humiliate the reader with obvious statements. Even if it is an interpretation, it fits very well with his character of a very polite and considerate human being with a self-reliance inside him that he did not show on the outside. It is no wonder that many of his breakthroughs were not immediately appreciated by his contemporaries, with a late award of a well-deserved Nobel Prize. He was probably the only one in the highest stratum of physicists who was respected by everybody.The purpose of this book, half-history, half-physics is to trace Nambu's progress formulating some of his greatest ideas. It is structured in seven chapters, describing a paper or a series of papers (or talks) where Nambu's originality and genius emerge. Each chapter begins with a historical background section that sets the physics climate of the time, followed by a somewhat detailed discussion of his papers/talks.This tribute to Nambu hopes that he will be remembered and admired for many years to come.