Dennis Sherman is Professor of History at John Jay College of Criminal Justice, the City University of New York. He received his B.A. (1962) and J.D. (1965) degrees from the University of California at Berkeley and his Ph.D. (1970) from the University of Michigan . . He was Visiting Professor at the University of Paris (1978-79; 1985). He has received the Ford Foundation Prize Fellowship, the Council for Research on Economic History fellowship, and fellowships from the National Endowment for the Humanities. His publications include A Short History of Western Civilization, 8th edition (co-author); Western Civilization: Sources, Images, and Interpretations, 5th edition; World Civilizations: Sources, Images, and Interpretations, 2nd Edition (co-author); a series of introductions in the Garland Library of War and Peace; several articles and reviews on nineteenth-century French economic and social history in American and European journals, and short stories on literary reviews.

• ***Contents preliminaryPART I CIVILIZATIONS OF THE ANCIENT WORLDChapter One Civilizations of the Ancient Near EastPrimary SourcesUsing Primary Sources: Laws of HammurabiThe Laws of HammurabiThe Epic of GilgameshHymn to the NileHymn to the PharaohThe Old Testament-Genesis and ExodusThe Aton Hymn and Psalm 104: The Egyptians and the HebrewsVisual SourcesUsing Visual Sources: The “Royal Standard” of UrSumer: The “Royal Standard” of Ur (illustration)Egyptian Wall Paintings from the Tomb of Menna (illustration)The Environment and the Rise of Civilization in the Ancient Near East (maps)Secondary SourcesUsing Secondary Sources: The Agricultural RevolutionRobert J. Braidwood, The Agricultural RevolutionWilliam H. McNeill, The Process of CivilizationHerbert J. Muller, Freedom in the Ancient World: Civilization inSumerHenri Frankfort and H.A. Frankfort, The Intellectual Adventure of AncientManLionel Casson, Daily Life in Ancient Egypt: The AfterlifeBarbara S. Lesko, Women of Egypt and the Ancient Near EastPaul Johnson, A History of the JewsChapter Two: The Emergence of Greek CivilizationPrimary SourcesHomer, The IliadHesiod, Works and DaysA Colonization AgreementSemonides of Amorgos, Poem on WomenTheognis of Megara, Aristocrats and TyrantsSolon, Early AthensXenophon, Constitution of the LacedaemoniansVisual SourcesTrade, Culture, and Colonization (photo)Migration and Colonization (maps)Secondary SourcesFrank J. Frost, The End of the Mycenaean WorldFinley Hooper, Greek Realities: The Homeric EpicsSarah B. Pomeroy, et al., Social Values and Ethics in the "DarkAge" of GreeceC.M. Bowra, The Greek Experience: The Heroic OutlookChapter Three: Classical and Hellenistic GreecePrimary SourcesThucydides, The History of the Peloponnesian War: The Historical MethodThucydides, The History of the Peloponnesian War: Athens During the GoldenAgeSophocles, AntigonePlato, The RepublicAristotle, PoliticsXenophon, Household ManagementHippocrates, Medicine and MagicEpicurus, Individual HappinessVisual SourcesEducation (photo)The Women’s Quarters (illustration)The Dying Niobide: The Classical Balance (photo)The Old Market Woman: Hellenistic Individualism (photo)Geography and Political Configurations in Greece (map)Seondary SourcesSarah B. Pomeroy, Goddess, Whores, Wives, and Slaves: Women and Work inAthensAnthony Andrews, The Greeks: SlaveryM.I. Finley, The Ancient Greeks: Decline of the PollsRichard Stoneman, Alexander the GreatFinley Hooper, Greek RealitiesChapter Four: The Rise of RomePrimary SourcesPolybius, Histories: The Roman ConstitutionCicero, The Education of a Roman GentlemanQuintus Lucretius Vespillo, Eulogoy for a Roman WifePlautus, Menaechmi: Roman SlaverySallust, The Conspiracy of Catiline: Decline of the RepublicVisual SourcesEvidence from Coins (photo)The Geographic and Cultural Environment (map)Secondary SourcesFustel de Coulanges, The Ancient City: Religious PracticesJ.P.V.D. Balsdon, Life and Leisure: The Roman AristrocratGillian Clark, Roman WomenChapter Five: The Roman Empire and the Rise of ChristianityPrimary SourcesPliny the Younger, Letters: The Daily Life of a Roman GovernorMarcus Aurelius, Meditations: Ideals of an Emperor and Stoic PhilosopherPliny the Younger and Trajan, Rome and the Early ChristiansA Roman Sarcophagus: Picturing the BibleThe Gospel According to St. MatthewSt. Paul, Epistle to the RomansSt. Augustine, The City of GodAmmianus Marcellinus, The Germanic TribesSt. Jerome, The Fall of RomeVisual SourcesCarved Gemstone: Augustus and the Empire Transformed (photo)Tomb Decoration: Death and Roman Culture(photo)Secondary SourcesChester G. Starr, The Roman Empire: The Place of AugustusE.R. Dodds, Pagan and Christian: The Appeal of ChristianityJo Ann McNamara, Women of the Roman EmpireA.H.M. Jones, The Later Roman EmpirePART II THE MIDDLE AGESChapter Six: The Early Middle AgesPrimary SourcesGregory of Tours, History of the FranksThe Origins of FeudalismCharlemagne, Instructions to the Subjects of Charlemagne's EmpireEinhard, War and Conversion Under CharlemagneThe Annals of Xanten, Disorder and DestructionThe Wanderer: Life of a Medieval WarriorVisual SourcesIllustration from a Gospel Book: Christianity and Early Medieval Culture (illustration)Painting from an Illuminated Bible: Secular and Religious Authority(illustration)Contraction in the Early Middle Ages (maps)Secondary SourcesHenri Pirenne, Mohammed and Charlemagne: The Beginnings ofMedieval CivilizationDavid Nichols, The Carolingian West: The Genesis of Feudal RelationshipsDaniel D. McGarry, An Evaluation of FeudalismJo Ann McNamara and Suzanne F. Wemple, Sanctity and Power: TheDual Pursuit of Medieval WomenChapter Seven: The Medieval EastPrimary SourcesThe Qur'anHasan al-Basri, Letter to Umar II: Islamic AsceticismAvicenna, Autobiography of a Muslim ScholarThe Institutes of Justinian: Byzantium and the Legacy of Roman LawIbn Fadlan, The Rus: Cross-Cultural ContactVisual SourcesManuscript Illuminations: Scenes from the Life of Muhammad (illustrations)Empress Theodors with her Retinue (illustration)The Byzantine Empire and the Expansion of Islam (maps)Secondary SourcesCyril Mango, Byzantium: The Empire of New RomeBernard Lewis, The Arabs in HistoryIra Lapidus, The Expansion of IslamAlbert Hourani, The Islamic WorldPeter Brown, The Eastern Orientation of IslamChapter Eight: The High Middle Ages: The Eleventh and Twelfth CenturiesPrimary SourcesPope Gregory VII, Letters: Secular and Ecclesiastical AuthorityReginald of Durham, The Life of Saint Gidric: A Merchant AdventurerAndreas Capellanus, The Art of Courtly LoveGratian, The Decretum: Medieval Women-Not in God’s ImageVisual SourcesThe Gospel Book of Otto III: Church and State (illustration)The Bayeux Tapestry (illustration)Medieval Expansion (maps)Secondary SourcesJaques Le Goff, Medieval ValuesMargaret Wade Labarge, The Mold for Medieval Women: Social StatusAron Ja. Gurevich, The MerchantR.W. Southern, The Making of the Middle Ages: SerfdomMarc Bloch, Feudal Society: The Psychic World of Medieval PeopleChapter Nine: The High Middle Ages: The Crusades and the EastPrimary SourcesPope Urban II, The Opening of the CrusadesEkkehard of Aurach, Crusaders’ MotivesPope Eugenius III, Inducements for the CrusadesPrincess Anna Comnena, The Alexiad: A Byzantine View of the CrusadesUsamah Ibn-Munqidh, Memoirs: European and Muslim InteractionsVisual SourcesConflict and Cultural Exchange (illustration)Secondary SourcesChristopher Tyerman, The Meaning of the CrusadesThomas F. Madden, The Significance of Robert Browning, The Byzantine Empire: Defeat, Decline, and ResilienceChapter Ten: The High Middle Ages: The Thirteenth CenturyPrimary SourcesPope Innocent III, Papal Proclamation of SupremacyArchbishop Eudes of Rouen, A Church Register: Clerical AdministrationSt. Francis of Assisi, The Rule of St. FrancisSt. Thomas Aquinas, Summa TheologicaFrederick II, Political Authority: The Emperor, the Princes, and theTownsDecrees of the Hanseatic LeagueOrdinances of the Guild Merchants of SouthamptonBartholomaeus Anglicus, ChambermaidsVisual SourcesMedieval Life (illustration)Secularization and the Medieval Knight (illustration)Secondary SourcesMaurice Keen, The Outlaws of Medieval Legend: Social Rank and InjusticeJaques Rossiaud, Life in Cities: Violence and FearGeorges Duby, SolitudeDavid Herlihy, Ecological Conditions and Demographic ChangeChapter Eleven: The Late Middle AgesPrimary SourcesAttack on the Papacy: The Conciliar MovementBernard Gui, Manual of the InquisitorSir John Froissart, The Rebellions of 1381Giovanni Boccaccio, The Decameron: The Plague in FlorenceKing Edward III, Statue of LaborersGeoffrey Chaucer, The Canterbury TalesThe Goodman of Paris: Instructions on Being a Good WifeVisual SourcesThe Church Besieged (illustration)The Triumph of Death (illustration)Unrest in the Late Middle Ages (map)Food and Crime (chart)Secondary SourcesFrancis Oakley, The Crisis of the Late Middle AgesJohn Kelly, The Great MortalityMillard Meiss, The Black Death: A Socioeconomic PerspectiveHieonymus Bosch, The Waywain: Greed, Chaos, and DoomPART III RENAISSANCE, REFORMATION, AND EXPANSIONChapter Twelve: The RenaissancePrimary SourcesFrancesco Petrarch, A Letter to Boccaccio: Literary HumanismPeter Paul Vergerio, On the Liberal ArtsChristine de Pizan, The City of LadiesNiccolo Machiavelli, The PrinceBaldesar Castiglione, The Book of the CourtierVisual SourcesQuentin Massys, The Moneylender and his WifeRaphael, The School of Athens: Art and Classical Culture (illustration)Jan van Eyck, Giovanni Arnolfini and His Bride: Symbolism and theNorthern Renaissance (illustration)Hans Holbein, Wealth, Culture, and Diplomacy (illustration)Secondary SourcesJacob Burckhardt, The Civilization of the Renaissance in ItalyPeter Burke, The Myth of the RenaissanceFederico Chabod, Machiavelli and the RenaissanceCharles G. Nauert, Northern Sources of the RenaissanceChapter Thirteen: The ReformationPrimary SourcesJohn Tetzel, The Spark for the Reformation: IndulgencesMartin Luther, Justification by FaithMartin Luther, On the Bondage of the WillMartin Luther, Condemnation of Peasant RevoltJohn Calvin, Institutes of the Christian Religion: PredestinationConstitution of the Society of JesusTeresa of Avila, The Way of PerfectionVisual SourcesLuther and the New Testament (illustration)Sebald Beham, Luther and the Catholic Clergy Debate (illustration)Peter Paul Rubens, Loyola and Catholic Reform (illustration)Secondary SourcesEuan Cameron, What was the Reformation?G.R. Elton, A Political Interpretation of the ReformationJohn C. Olin, The Catholic ReformationSteven E. Ozment, The Legacy of the ReformationMarilyn J. Boxer and Jean H. Quataert, Women in the ReformationChapter Fourteen: Overseas Expansion and New PoliticsPrimary SourcesGomes Eannes de Azurara, The Chronicle of the Discovery and Conquest ofGuineaChristopher Columbus, Letter to Lord Sanchez, 1493Bernal Diaz del Castillo, Memoirs: The AztecsJacob Fugger, Letter to Charles V: Finance and PoliticsVisual SourcesFrans Fracken II, The Assets and Liabilities of Empire (text andillustration)Hans Holbein the Younger, Portrait of the Merchant Heorg GiszeThe Conquest of Mexico as Seen by the Aztecs (illustration)Exploration, Expansion, and Politics (maps)Secondary SourcesRichard B. Reed, The Expansion of EuropeM.L.Bush, The Effects of Expansion on the Non-European WorldGary Nash, Red, White, and Black: The Peoples of Early AmericaPART IV THE EARLY MODERN PERIODChapter Fifteen: War and Revolution: 1560-1660Primary SourcesOgier Ghiselin de Busbecq, Civil War in FranceRichelieu, Political Will and TestamentJames I, The Powers of the Monarch in EnglandThe House of Commons, The Powers of Parliament in EnglandHeinrich Kramer and Jacob Sprenger, The Hammer of WitchesVisual SourcesDiego Valásquez, The Surrender of Breda (illustration)Jan Brueghel and Sebastian Vranx, War and Violence (illustration)Thomas Hobbes, Leviathan: Political Order and Political Theory (text andillustration)Germany and the Thirty Years’ War (maps)Secondary SourcesHajo Holborn, A Political Interpretation of the Thirty Years’ WarCarl J. Friedrich, A Religious Interpretation of the Thirty Years’ WarM.S. Anderson, War and Peace in the Old RegimeConrad Russell, The Causes of the English Civil WarWilliam Monter, The Devil’s Handmaid: Women in the Age of ReformationsChapter Sixteen: Aristocracy and Absolutism in the Seventeenth CenturyPrimary SourcesPhilipp W. von Hornick, Austria Over All If She Only Will: MercantilismFrederick William, The Great Elector, A Secret Letter: MonarchicalAuthority in PrussiaSaint-Simon, Memoirs: The Aristocracy Undermined in FranceJohn Locke, Second Treatise of Civil Government: Legislative PowerVisual SourcesThe Early Modern Chateau (photo)Pieter de Hooch, Maternal Care (illustration)Secondary SourcesG. Durand, Absolutism: Myth and RealityGeorge Macaulay Trevelyan, The English Revolution, 1688-1689Peter Laslett, The World We Have Lost: The Early Modern FamilyChapter Seventeen: The Scientific RevolutionPrimary SourcesRene Descartes, The Discourse on MethodGalileo Galilei, Letter to Christina of Tuscany: Science and ScriptureThe Papal Inquisition of 1633: Galileo CondemnedSir Isaac Newton, Mathematical Principles of Natural PhilosophyVisual SourcesA Vision of the New Science (illustration)Secondary SourcesSir George Clark, Early Modern Europe: Motives for the ScientificRevolutionLinda Pollock, Childhood in Early Modern TimesBonnie S. Anderson and Judith P. Zinsser, No Scientific Revolution forWomen