Principles of Electron Optics, Volume 1

Peter Hawkes obtained his M.A. and Ph.D (and later, Sc.D.) from the University of Cambridge, where he subsequently held Fellowships of Peterhouse and of Churchill College. From 1959 – 1975, he worked in the electron microscope section of the Cavendish Laboratory in Cambridge, after which he joined the CNRS Laboratory of Electron Optics in Toulouse, of which he was Director in 1987. He was Founder-President of the European Microscopy Society and is a Fellow of the Microscopy and Optical Societies of America. He is a member of the editorial boards of several microscopy journals and serial editor of Advances in Electron Optics. Erwin Kasper studied physics at the Universities of Münster and Tübingen (Germany), where he obtained his PhD in 1965 and the habilitation to teach physics in 1969. After scientific spells in the University of Tucson, Arizona (1966) and in Munich (1970), he resumed his research and teaching in the Institute of Applied Physics, University of Tübingen, where he was later appointed professor. He lectured on general physics and especially on electron optics. The subject of his research was theoretical electron optics and related numerical methods on which he published numerous papers. After his retirement in 1997, he published a book on numerical field calculation (2001).

• 1. IntroductionPART I – CLASSICAL MECHANICS2. Relativistic Kinematics3. Different Forms of Trajectory Equations4. Variational Principles5. Hamiltonian OpticsPART II – CALCULATION OF STATIC FIELDS6. Basic Concepts and Equations7. Series Expansions8. Boundary-Value Problems9. Integral Equations10. The Boundary-Element Method11. The Finite-Difference Method (FDM)12. The Finite-Element Method (FEM)13. Field-Interpolation TechniquesPART III – THE PARAXIAL APPROXIMATION14. Introduction15. Systems with an Axis of Rotational Symmetry16. Gaussian Optics of Rotationally Symmetric Systems: Asymptotic Image Formation17. Gaussian Optics of Rotationally Symmetric Systems: Real Cardinal Elements18. Electron Mirrors19. Quadrupole Lenses20. Cylindrical LensesPART IV – ABERRATIONS21. Introduction22. Perturbation Theory: General Formalism23. The Relation Between Permitted Types of Aberration and System Symmetry24. The Geometrical Aberrations of Round Lenses25. Asymptotic Aberration Coefficients26. Chromatic Aberrations27. Aberration Matrices and the Aberrations of Lens Combinations28. The Aberrations of Mirrors and Cathode Lenses29. The Aberrations of Quadrupole Lenses and Octopoles30. The Aberrations of Cylindrical Lenses31. Parasitic AberrationsPART V – DEFLECTION SYSTEMS32. Paraxial Properties of Deflection Systems33. The Aberrations of Deflection SystemsPART VI – COMPUTER-AIDED ELECTRON OPTICS34. Numerical Calculation of Trajectories, Paraxial Properties and Aberrations