Neuropathology of Drug Addictions and Substance Misuse Volume 3

Victor R. Preedy BSc, PhD, DSc, FRSB, FRSPH, FRSC, FRCPath graduated with an Honours Degree in Biology and Physiology with Pharmacology. After gaining his University of London PhD, he received his Membership of the Royal College of Pathologists. He was later awarded his second doctorate (DSc), for his contribution to protein metabolism in health and disease. He is Professor of Clinical Biochemistry (Hon) at King’s College Hospital and Emeritus Professor of Nutritional Biochemistry at King’s College London. He has Honorary Professorships at the University of Hull, and the University of Suffolk. Professor Preedy was the Founding Director and then long-term Director of the Genomics Centre at King’s College London from 2006 to 2020. Professor Preedy has been awarded fellowships of the Royal Society of Biology, the Royal College of Pathologists, the Royal Society for the Promotion of Health, the Royal Institute of Public Health, the Royal Society for Public Health, the Royal Society of Chemistry and the Royal Society of Medicine. He carried out research when attached to the National Heart Hospital (part of Imperial College London), The School of Pharmacy (now part of University College London) and the MRC Centre at Northwick Park Hospital. He has collaborated with international research groups in Finland, Japan, Australia, USA, and Germany. To his credit, Professor Preedy has published over 750 articles, which includes peer-reviewed manuscripts based on original research, abstracts and symposium presentations, reviews and edited books.

• Part I. Principles of Addictions, Overviews, Detailed Processes and MechanismsSection A. General AspectsChapter 1. Drugs and the Human EnviromeChapter 2. Psychoactive Plants Used during Religious RitualsChapter 3. Substance Use Disorders and Comorbid Mental Illness: A Focus on Epidemiological Data Regarding Mood and Anxiety DisordersChapter 4. Mephedrone and Mephedrone-Based Cocktails: Market, Analysis, Mechanisms of Action, and ToxicityChapter 5. Substance-Induced Psychosis: Conceptual and Diagnostic Challenges in Clinical PracticeChapter 6. Sleep and Drug AddictionSection B. Molecular and Cellular AspectsChapter 7. Hypothalamic and Midbrain Cells, Tyrosine Hydroxylase, and Implications for Drug AddictionChapter 8. Oxytocin: Providing New Avenues for Treating and Understanding Problematic Drug UseChapter 9. Role of D2-like Heteroreceptor Complexes in the Effects of Cocaine, Morphine, and HallucinogensChapter 10. Glutamate Receptors and Drug AddictionChapter 11. Effect of Interacting Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Agents (NSAIDs) and Opioids on Mood: Pharmacodynamic Considerations in Misuse and AbuseChapter 12. A Mini-Review on Different Commonly Used Abusive Drugs and the Interactions of These Drugs and Chinese HerbsChapter 13. Interaction of Drugs of Addiction with DNAChapter 14. Drugs of Abuse and DNA Methylation in the Brain: Ethanol, Cocaine, Amphetamine–Methamphetamine, Heroin, Antidepressants, and AntipsychoticsChapter 15. Orexin/Hypocretin System and Drug AddictionChapter 16. Reverse Translational Implications of Genome-Wide Association Studies for Addiction GeneticsChapter 17. Polymorphisms in the Delta Opioid Receptor Gene (OPRD1) and Drug Addiction: Candidate Genes, Transgenic Mouse Models, and Genome-Wide Association StudiesChapter 18. Drug Addictions and Genetics of the Dopamine PathwayChapter 19. In Silico Chemogenomics Knowledgebase and Computational System Neuropharmacology Approach for Cannabinoid Drug ResearchChapter 20. Cocaine- and Amphetamine-Regulated Transcript (CART) Peptide and Drug AddictionSection C. Structural and Functional AspectsChapter 21. The Cerebellar Landscape of Drug AddictionChapter 22. Movement Dysfunction as a Neuropathology of Illicit Stimulant AbuseChapter 23. Left Hemispheric “Imbalance” in Drug AddictionChapter 24. Co-occurence of Substance Use and Personality Disorders: Epidemiology, Etiopathogenesis, and TreatmentChapter 25. Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome: Pharmacological AspectsChapter 26. Comorbidity between Substance Use Disorder and Severe Mental Illness: Dual DiagnosisPart II. Prescription Medications: DepressantsSection A. General AspectsChapter 27. Lormetazepam AddictionChapter 28. Prescribing and Dispensing of Benzodiazepines: Implications for Dependence and MisuseSection B. Molecular and Cellular AspectsChapter 29. Bidirectional Plasticity of Hippocampal Glutamate Receptors Is Central to Expression of Benzodiazepine Withdrawal-AnxietyChapter 30. Effect of Chronic Benzodiazepine Exposure on GABAA Receptors: Regulation of GABA/Benzodiazepine Site InteractionsChapter 31. The K+-Cl− Cotransporter KCC2 and ZolpidemSection C. Structural and Functional AspectsChapter 32. Benzodiazepine Misuse and Addiction. Risk Factors and Adverse Behavioral AspectsChapter 33. Benzodiazepines, Age-Related Pharmacological Changes, and Risk of Falls in Older AdultsChapter 34. The Substantia Nigra Pars Reticulata in Sedative-Hypnotic WithdrawalSection D. MethodsChapter 35. Assays for BenzodiazepinesPart III. Opioids and Morphine DerivativesSection A. General AspectsChapter 36. Weak Opioid Analgesics Abuse and Addiction: A Comparison of the Pharmacology and Pharmacoepidemiology of Codeine, Dihydrocodeine, and TramadolChapter 37. Maternal Codeine and Its Effect on the Fetus and Neonate: A Focus on Pharmacogenomics, Neuropathology, and WithdrawalChapter 38. Methadone Usage, Misuse, and Addiction Processes: An OverviewChapter 39. Tramadol, Usage, Misuse, and Addiction ProcessesChapter 40. Tramadol Abuse in the ElderlySection B. Molecular and Cellular AspectsChapter 41. Oligodendrocyte Responses, Myelination, and Opioid Addiction TreatmentsChapter 42. Opioids and TRPV1 ReceptorsChapter 43. Opioids and Serotonin Syndrome: An Example with TramadolChapter 44. Opioid Dependence and the Adenylyl Cyclase/cAMP SignalingChapter 45. Central Nervous System Penetration of the Opioid OxycodoneChapter 46. Opioid Modulation of Voltage-Gated Calcium CurrentsChapter 47. The Neonatal Brain and OpioidsChapter 48. Contribution of Spinal Cord mTORC1 to Chronic Opioid Tolerance and HyperalgesiaChapter 49. Interaction of Codeine with DNAChapter 50. Fentanyl and Its Impact on Cell FunctionsChapter 51. Morphine and Trafficking of a Mu Opioid Receptor Interacting Protein WLSChapter 52. Fas, Bcl-2, and Caspase-3 Protein and Morphine AddictionChapter 53. An Overview on Methadone-Intoxicated PatientsChapter 54. Genetic Polymorphisms on OPRM1 Involved in Multiple Responses of a Methadone Maintenance Population: Relationships with Insomnia, Libido, Smoking, and ChemokinesSection C. Structural and Functional AspectsChapter 55. Modulation of Opioid Analgesic Reward by Inflammatory AgentsChapter 56. Suicidal Behavior and Prescription Opioid MedicationChapter 57. Codeine and Psychomotor ActivityChapter 58. Neurobehavior of Neonates Born to Mothers Receiving Opioid Maintenance Treatment: Methadone and BuprenorphineChapter 59. Prenatal Methadone and Behavioral Sensitization Induced by MethamphetamineChapter 60. Treatments for Opioid Dependence and Methadone: Neurological and Behavioral AspectsChapter 61. Cognitive Functioning in Methadone UseChapter 62. Sleep Disturbances in Methadone Maintenance Treatment (MMT) PatientsSection D. MethodsChapter 63. The Neuropathology of Drug Addictions and Substance Misuse: Assays for FentanylChapter 64. Assays for Tramadol and Its MetabolitesPart IV. Stimulants and Other CompoundsSection A. General AspectsChapter 65. Methylphenidate Abuse: An OverviewSection B. Molecular and Cellular AspectsChapter 66. The Impact of Methylphenidate on Circadian Rhythms and Clock Gene ExpressionSection C. Structural and Functional AspectsChapter 67. The Characteristics of Acute and Chronic Methylphenidate, Dose, and Route on Female and Male Animal BehaviorChapter 68. Methylphenidate and Cognitive PerformanceChapter 69. Methylphenidate and SuicideChapter 70. The Effect of Methylphenidate on the Ventral Tegmental Area in Adolescent and Adult AnimalsChapter 71. Dextromethorphan and Dextrorphan as Heuristic Rapid-Acting, Conventional, and Treatment-Resistant Antidepressants, with Substance Abuse ConsiderationsPart V. Caffeine and Areca (Betal Nut)Section A. General AspectsChapter 72. Caffeine and Taurine and Energy Drink AbuseChapter 73. General Aspects of Areca Nut AddictionSection B. Molecular and Cellular AspectsChapter 74. Caffeine, Adenosine A1 Receptors, and Brain Cortex. Molecular AspectsChapter 75. Caffeine and the Developing Brain: Molecular and Cellular EffectsSection C. Structural and Functional AspectsChapter 76. Effects of Caffeine and Its Cortical Response Studied by Functional Brain ImagingChapter 77. Neurobehavioral Aspects of CaffeineChapter 78. Oral and Systemic Health Effects of Compulsive Areca Nut UseChapter 79. Areca Alkaloids and SchizophreniaChapter 80. Attentional Biases for Betel Nut CuesSection D. MethodsChapter 81. Quantitative Measurement of Caffeine by Optical MethodsChapter 82. Betel Quid Dependence ScalePart VI. Dual and Polydrug AbuseChapter 83. Types of Polydrug UsageChapter 84. Polypharmacy of Potentially Addictive Medications and the ElderlyChapter 85. New Insight into Alcohol and Nicotine Addiction: Neurobiological Findings and Therapeutical PerspectivesChapter 86. Multimodal Magnetic Resonance Neuroimaging and Cognition in Polysubstance UsersChapter 87. Neuropathological Studies in Polydrug AbusersPart VII. Emerging Addictions and Drugs of AbuseChapter 88. Novel Drugs of Abuse: Cannabinoids, Stimulants, and HallucinogensChapter 89. Kratom (Mitragyna speciosa) Use, Addiction Potential, and Legal StatusChapter 90. Methylxanthines and Drug Dependence: Interactions and ToxicityChapter 91. The Neuropathology of Movement Disorders in 1-Methyl-4-Phenyl-1,2,3,6-Tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) and Methcathinone (Ephedrone) AddictionsChapter 92. 25C-NBOMe as a New HallucinogenChapter 93. Pregabalin Abuse and AddictionPart VIII. Non-Drug Addictions as Comparative NeuropathologyChapter 94. Internet Gaming DisorderChapter 95. The Neuropathology of Internet AddictionChapter 96. Workaholism: An Addiction to WorkChapter 97. Exercise AddictionChapter 98. Compulsive Buying—Features and Characteristics of AddictionChapter 99. Food Addiction: Applying Substance Use Disorder Criteria and Characteristics to Identify Instances of Addictive-Like EatingChapter 100. Bulimia Nervosa as an AddictionChapter 101. Gambling Disorders: A Focus on Genetic Aspects