Essentials of Logic

Irving Copi, Carl Cohen, Daniel Flage

“One of the strengths of Copi has always been the number of exercises, and the addition of even more exercises is even better.”-Robert Kimball, University of Louisville    “I think the examples are the major strong suit of the text. There are plenty of them, many are very entertaining, others are modern and poignant, still others are historically enlightening. Excellent job.”-Norman Schultz, Metropolitan State College of Denver

• Table of ContentsPreface Acknowledgments CHAPTER 1 Basic Logical Concepts1.1 What Logic Is1.2 Propositions and Sentences1.3 Arguments, Premises, and Conclusions1.4 Arguments and Explanations1.5 Recognizing Arguments A. Premise- and Conclusion-Indicators B. Arguments in Context C. Premises Not in Declarative Form D. Unstated Propositions1.6 Deduction and Validity1.7 Validity and Truth1.8 Induction and Probability1.9 Analyzing Arguments A. Paraphrasing B. Diagramming Arguments C. Interwoven Arguments1.10 Complex Argumentative PassagesEssentials of Chapter 1 CHAPTER 2 Informal Fallacies2.1 What Is a Fallacy?2.2 Fallacies of Relevance R1. Argument from Ignorance (argumentum ad ignoratiam) R2. Appeal to Illegitimate Authority (argumentum ad verecundiam) R3. Argument Against the Person (Personal Attack, argumentum ad hominem) R4. Appeal to Emotion (Mob Appeal, argumentum ad populum) R5. Appeal to Pity (argumentum ad misericordiam) R6. Appeal to Force (argumentum ad baculum) R7. Irrelevant Conclusion (ignoratio elenchi; non sequitur)2.3 Fallacies of Presumption P1. Complex Question P2. False Cause (post hoc, ergo propter hoc; non causa pro causa) P3. Begging the Question (petitio principii) P4. Accident P5. Converse Accident (Hasty Generalization)