Mark Michaelis is the founder of IntelliTect, an innovative software architecture and development firm where he serves as the chief technical architect and trainer. He has also written numerous articles and books, is an adjunct professor at Eastern Washington University, founder of the Spokane .NET Users Group, and co-organizer of the annual TEDx Coeur d’Alene events. Mark has been a Microsoft Regional Director since 2007 and a Microsoft MVP for more than 25 years.

• Figures xviiTables xixForeword xxiPreface xxiiiAcknowledgments xxxvAbout the Author xxxviiChapter 1: Introducing C# 1Hello, World 2C# Syntax Fundamentals 13Working with Variables 22Console Input and Output 26Managed Execution and the Common Language Infrastructure 34Multiple .NET Frameworks 39Chapter 2: Data Types 45Fundamental Numeric Types 46More Fundamental Types 55Conversions between Data Types 72Chapter 3: More with Data Types 81Categories of Types 81Declaring Types That Allow null 84Implicitly Typed Local Variables 89Tuples 92Arrays 98Chapter 4: Operators and Flow Control 121Operators 122Introducing Flow Control 138Code Blocks ({}) 144Code Blocks, Scopes, and Declaration Spaces 147Boolean Expressions 149Programming with null 155Bitwise Operators (<<, >>, |, &, ^, ~) 162Control Flow Statements, Continued 168Jump Statements 180C# Preprocessor Directives 186Summary 193Chapter 5: Methods and Parameters 195Calling a Method 196Declaring a Method 203The using Directive 209Returns and Parameters on Main() 214Advanced Method Parameters 217Recursion 229Method Overloading 231Optional Parameters 234Basic Error Handling with Exceptions 239Summary 253Chapter 6: Classes 255Declaring and Instantiating a Class 259Instance Fields 262Instance Methods 265Using the this Keyword 266Access Modifiers 274Properties 276Constructors 293Non-Nullable Reference Type Properties with Constructors 303Nullable Attributes 306Deconstructors 309Static Members 311Extension Methods 321Encapsulating the Data 323Nested Classes 326Partial Classes 329Summary 333Chapter 7: Inheritance 335Derivation 336Overriding the Base Class 346Abstract Classes 357All Classes Derive from System.Object 363Pattern Matching with the is Operator 365Pattern Matching within a switch Expression 371Avoid Pattern Matching When Polymorphism Is Possible 373Summary 374Chapter 8: Interfaces 377Introducing Interfaces 378Polymorphism through Interfaces 380Interface Implementation 384Converting between the Implementing Class and Its Interfaces 390Interface Inheritance 390Multiple Interface Inheritance 393Extension Methods on Interfaces 394Versioning 396Extension Methods versus Default Interface Members 411Interfaces Compared with Abstract Classes 413Interfaces Compared with Attributes 415Chapter 9: Value Types 417Structs 422Boxing 428Enums 437Summary 447Chapter 10: Well-Formed Types 451Overriding object Members 451Operator Overloading 464Referencing Other Assemblies 472Encapsulation of Types 479Defining Namespaces 481XML Comments 485Garbage Collection 489Resource Cleanup 493Lazy Initialization 508Summary 510Chapter 11: Exception Handling 511Multiple Exception Types 511Catching Exceptions 514Rethrowing an Existing Exception 517General Catch Block 518Guidelines for Exception Handling 519Defining Custom Exceptions 523Rethrowing a Wrapped Exception 527Summary 530Chapter 12: Generics 533C# without Generics 534Introducing Generic Types 539Constraints 553Generic Methods 568Covariance and Contravariance 573Generic Internals 580Summary 585Chapter 13: Delegates and Lambda Expressions 587Introducing Delegates 588Declaring Delegate Types 592Lambda Expressions 600Statement Lambdas 601Anonymous Methods 606Delegates Do Not Have Structural Equality 608Outer Variables 611Expression Trees 616Summary 623Chapter 14: Events 625Coding the Publish–Subscribe Pattern with Multicast Delegates 626Understanding Events 641Summary 651Chapter 15: Collection Interfaces with Standard Query Operators 653Collection Initializers 654What Makes a Class a Collection: IEnumerable 657Standard Query Operators 663Anonymous Types with LINQ 695Summary 704Chapter 16: LINQ with Query Expressions 705Introducing Query Expressions 706Query Expressions Are Just Method Invocations 724Summary 726Chapter 17: Building Custom Collections 727More Collection Interfaces 728Primary Collection Classes 731Providing an Indexer 750Returning null or an Empty Collection 753Iterators 753Summary 768Chapter 18: Reflection, Attributes, and Dynamic Programming 769Reflection 770nameof Operator 781Attributes 783Programming with Dynamic Objects 800Summary 811Chapter 19: Introducing Multithreading 813Multithreading Basics 815Asynchronous Tasks 822Canceling a Task 843Working with System.Threading 850Summary 851Chapter 20: Programming the Task-Based Asynchronous Pattern 853Synchronously Invoking a High-Latency Operation 854Asynchronously Invoking a High-Latency Operation Using the TPL 856The Task-Based Asynchronous Pattern with async and await 861Introducing Asynchronous Return of ValueTask 867Asynchronous Streams 870IAsyncDisposable and the await using Declaration and Statement 874Using LINQ with IAsyncEnumerable 875Returning void from an Asynchronous Method 877Asynchronous Lambdas and Local Functions 881Task Schedulers and the Synchronization Context 887async/await with the Windows UI 890Summary 893Chapter 21: Iterating in Parallel 895Executing Loop Iterations in Parallel 895Running LINQ Queries in Parallel 905Summary 911Chapter 22: Thread Synchronization 913Why Synchronization? 914Timers 943Summary 945Chapter 23: Platform Interoperability and Unsafe Code 947Platform Invoke 948Pointers and Addresses 960Executing Unsafe Code via a Delegate 971Summary 972Chapter 24: The Common Language Infrastructure 973Defining the Common Language Infrastructure 974CLI Implementations 975.NET Standard 978Base Class Library 979C# Compilation to Machine Code 979Runtime 982Assemblies, Manifests, and Modules 986Common Intermediate Language 989Common Type System 990Common Language Specification 991Metadata 991.NET Native and Ahead of Time Compilation 993Summary 993Index 995Index of 8.0 Topics 1039Index of 7.0 Topics 1041Index of 6.0 Topics 1043

Mark Michaelis is the founder of IntelliTect, an innovative software architecture and development firm where he serves as the chief technical architect and trainer. He has also written numerous articles and books, is an adjunct professor at Eastern Washington University, founder of the Spokane .NET Users Group, and co-organizer of the annual TEDx Coeur d’Alene events. Mark has been a Microsoft Regional Director since 2007 and a Microsoft MVP for more than 25 years.

• Figures xviiTables xixForeword xxiPreface xxiiiAcknowledgments xxxvAbout the Author xxxviiChapter 1: Introducing C# 1Hello, World 2C# Syntax Fundamentals 13Working with Variables 22Console Input and Output 26Managed Execution and the Common Language Infrastructure 34Multiple .NET Frameworks 39Chapter 2: Data Types 45Fundamental Numeric Types 46More Fundamental Types 55Conversions between Data Types 72Chapter 3: More with Data Types 81Categories of Types 81Declaring Types That Allow null 84Implicitly Typed Local Variables 89Tuples 92Arrays 98Chapter 4: Operators and Flow Control 121Operators 122Introducing Flow Control 138Code Blocks ({}) 144Code Blocks, Scopes, and Declaration Spaces 147Boolean Expressions 149Programming with null 155Bitwise Operators (<<, >>, |, &, ^, ~) 162Control Flow Statements, Continued 168Jump Statements 180C# Preprocessor Directives 186Summary 193Chapter 5: Methods and Parameters 195Calling a Method 196Declaring a Method 203The using Directive 209Returns and Parameters on Main() 214Advanced Method Parameters 217Recursion 229Method Overloading 231Optional Parameters 234Basic Error Handling with Exceptions 239Summary 253Chapter 6: Classes 255Declaring and Instantiating a Class 259Instance Fields 262Instance Methods 265Using the this Keyword 266Access Modifiers 274Properties 276Constructors 293Non-Nullable Reference Type Properties with Constructors 303Nullable Attributes 306Deconstructors 309Static Members 311Extension Methods 321Encapsulating the Data 323Nested Classes 326Partial Classes 329Summary 333Chapter 7: Inheritance 335Derivation 336Overriding the Base Class 346Abstract Classes 357All Classes Derive from System.Object 363Pattern Matching with the is Operator 365Pattern Matching within a switch Expression 371Avoid Pattern Matching When Polymorphism Is Possible 373Summary 374Chapter 8: Interfaces 377Introducing Interfaces 378Polymorphism through Interfaces 380Interface Implementation 384Converting between the Implementing Class and Its Interfaces 390Interface Inheritance 390Multiple Interface Inheritance 393Extension Methods on Interfaces 394Versioning 396Extension Methods versus Default Interface Members 411Interfaces Compared with Abstract Classes 413Interfaces Compared with Attributes 415Chapter 9: Value Types 417Structs 422Boxing 428Enums 437Summary 447Chapter 10: Well-Formed Types 451Overriding object Members 451Operator Overloading 464Referencing Other Assemblies 472Encapsulation of Types 479Defining Namespaces 481XML Comments 485Garbage Collection 489Resource Cleanup 493Lazy Initialization 508Summary 510Chapter 11: Exception Handling 511Multiple Exception Types 511Catching Exceptions 514Rethrowing an Existing Exception 517General Catch Block 518Guidelines for Exception Handling 519Defining Custom Exceptions 523Rethrowing a Wrapped Exception 527Summary 530Chapter 12: Generics 533C# without Generics 534Introducing Generic Types 539Constraints 553Generic Methods 568Covariance and Contravariance 573Generic Internals 580Summary 585Chapter 13: Delegates and Lambda Expressions 587Introducing Delegates 588Declaring Delegate Types 592Lambda Expressions 600Statement Lambdas 601Anonymous Methods 606Delegates Do Not Have Structural Equality 608Outer Variables 611Expression Trees 616Summary 623Chapter 14: Events 625Coding the Publish–Subscribe Pattern with Multicast Delegates 626Understanding Events 641Summary 651Chapter 15: Collection Interfaces with Standard Query Operators 653Collection Initializers 654What Makes a Class a Collection: IEnumerable 657Standard Query Operators 663Anonymous Types with LINQ 695Summary 704Chapter 16: LINQ with Query Expressions 705Introducing Query Expressions 706Query Expressions Are Just Method Invocations 724Summary 726Chapter 17: Building Custom Collections 727More Collection Interfaces 728Primary Collection Classes 731Providing an Indexer 750Returning null or an Empty Collection 753Iterators 753Summary 768Chapter 18: Reflection, Attributes, and Dynamic Programming 769Reflection 770nameof Operator 781Attributes 783Programming with Dynamic Objects 800Summary 811Chapter 19: Introducing Multithreading 813Multithreading Basics 815Asynchronous Tasks 822Canceling a Task 843Working with System.Threading 850Summary 851Chapter 20: Programming the Task-Based Asynchronous Pattern 853Synchronously Invoking a High-Latency Operation 854Asynchronously Invoking a High-Latency Operation Using the TPL 856The Task-Based Asynchronous Pattern with async and await 861Introducing Asynchronous Return of ValueTask 867Asynchronous Streams 870IAsyncDisposable and the await using Declaration and Statement 874Using LINQ with IAsyncEnumerable 875Returning void from an Asynchronous Method 877Asynchronous Lambdas and Local Functions 881Task Schedulers and the Synchronization Context 887async/await with the Windows UI 890Summary 893Chapter 21: Iterating in Parallel 895Executing Loop Iterations in Parallel 895Running LINQ Queries in Parallel 905Summary 911Chapter 22: Thread Synchronization 913Why Synchronization? 914Timers 943Summary 945Chapter 23: Platform Interoperability and Unsafe Code 947Platform Invoke 948Pointers and Addresses 960Executing Unsafe Code via a Delegate 971Summary 972Chapter 24: The Common Language Infrastructure 973Defining the Common Language Infrastructure 974CLI Implementations 975.NET Standard 978Base Class Library 979C# Compilation to Machine Code 979Runtime 982Assemblies, Manifests, and Modules 986Common Intermediate Language 989Common Type System 990Common Language Specification 991Metadata 991.NET Native and Ahead of Time Compilation 993Summary 993Index 995Index of 8.0 Topics 1039Index of 7.0 Topics 1041Index of 6.0 Topics 1043

Mark Michaelis is the founder of IntelliTect, an innovative software architecture and development firm where he serves as the chief technical architect and trainer. He has also written numerous articles and books, is an adjunct professor at Eastern Washington University, founder of the Spokane .NET Users Group, and co-organizer of the annual TEDx Coeur d’Alene events. Mark has been a Microsoft Regional Director since 2007 and a Microsoft MVP for more than 25 years.

• Figures xviiTables xixForeword xxiPreface xxiiiAcknowledgments xxxvAbout the Author xxxviiChapter 1: Introducing C# 1Hello, World 2C# Syntax Fundamentals 13Working with Variables 22Console Input and Output 26Managed Execution and the Common Language Infrastructure 34Multiple .NET Frameworks 39Chapter 2: Data Types 45Fundamental Numeric Types 46More Fundamental Types 55Conversions between Data Types 72Chapter 3: More with Data Types 81Categories of Types 81Declaring Types That Allow null 84Implicitly Typed Local Variables 89Tuples 92Arrays 98Chapter 4: Operators and Flow Control 121Operators 122Introducing Flow Control 138Code Blocks ({}) 144Code Blocks, Scopes, and Declaration Spaces 147Boolean Expressions 149Programming with null 155Bitwise Operators (<<, >>, |, &, ^, ~) 162Control Flow Statements, Continued 168Jump Statements 180C# Preprocessor Directives 186Summary 193Chapter 5: Methods and Parameters 195Calling a Method 196Declaring a Method 203The using Directive 209Returns and Parameters on Main() 214Advanced Method Parameters 217Recursion 229Method Overloading 231Optional Parameters 234Basic Error Handling with Exceptions 239Summary 253Chapter 6: Classes 255Declaring and Instantiating a Class 259Instance Fields 262Instance Methods 265Using the this Keyword 266Access Modifiers 274Properties 276Constructors 293Non-Nullable Reference Type Properties with Constructors 303Nullable Attributes 306Deconstructors 309Static Members 311Extension Methods 321Encapsulating the Data 323Nested Classes 326Partial Classes 329Summary 333Chapter 7: Inheritance 335Derivation 336Overriding the Base Class 346Abstract Classes 357All Classes Derive from System.Object 363Pattern Matching with the is Operator 365Pattern Matching within a switch Expression 371Avoid Pattern Matching When Polymorphism Is Possible 373Summary 374Chapter 8: Interfaces 377Introducing Interfaces 378Polymorphism through Interfaces 380Interface Implementation 384Converting between the Implementing Class and Its Interfaces 390Interface Inheritance 390Multiple Interface Inheritance 393Extension Methods on Interfaces 394Versioning 396Extension Methods versus Default Interface Members 411Interfaces Compared with Abstract Classes 413Interfaces Compared with Attributes 415Chapter 9: Value Types 417Structs 422Boxing 428Enums 437Summary 447Chapter 10: Well-Formed Types 451Overriding object Members 451Operator Overloading 464Referencing Other Assemblies 472Encapsulation of Types 479Defining Namespaces 481XML Comments 485Garbage Collection 489Resource Cleanup 493Lazy Initialization 508Summary 510Chapter 11: Exception Handling 511Multiple Exception Types 511Catching Exceptions 514Rethrowing an Existing Exception 517General Catch Block 518Guidelines for Exception Handling 519Defining Custom Exceptions 523Rethrowing a Wrapped Exception 527Summary 530Chapter 12: Generics 533C# without Generics 534Introducing Generic Types 539Constraints 553Generic Methods 568Covariance and Contravariance 573Generic Internals 580Summary 585Chapter 13: Delegates and Lambda Expressions 587Introducing Delegates 588Declaring Delegate Types 592Lambda Expressions 600Statement Lambdas 601Anonymous Methods 606Delegates Do Not Have Structural Equality 608Outer Variables 611Expression Trees 616Summary 623Chapter 14: Events 625Coding the Publish–Subscribe Pattern with Multicast Delegates 626Understanding Events 641Summary 651Chapter 15: Collection Interfaces with Standard Query Operators 653Collection Initializers 654What Makes a Class a Collection: IEnumerable 657Standard Query Operators 663Anonymous Types with LINQ 695Summary 704Chapter 16: LINQ with Query Expressions 705Introducing Query Expressions 706Query Expressions Are Just Method Invocations 724Summary 726Chapter 17: Building Custom Collections 727More Collection Interfaces 728Primary Collection Classes 731Providing an Indexer 750Returning null or an Empty Collection 753Iterators 753Summary 768Chapter 18: Reflection, Attributes, and Dynamic Programming 769Reflection 770nameof Operator 781Attributes 783Programming with Dynamic Objects 800Summary 811Chapter 19: Introducing Multithreading 813Multithreading Basics 815Asynchronous Tasks 822Canceling a Task 843Working with System.Threading 850Summary 851Chapter 20: Programming the Task-Based Asynchronous Pattern 853Synchronously Invoking a High-Latency Operation 854Asynchronously Invoking a High-Latency Operation Using the TPL 856The Task-Based Asynchronous Pattern with async and await 861Introducing Asynchronous Return of ValueTask 867Asynchronous Streams 870IAsyncDisposable and the await using Declaration and Statement 874Using LINQ with IAsyncEnumerable 875Returning void from an Asynchronous Method 877Asynchronous Lambdas and Local Functions 881Task Schedulers and the Synchronization Context 887async/await with the Windows UI 890Summary 893Chapter 21: Iterating in Parallel 895Executing Loop Iterations in Parallel 895Running LINQ Queries in Parallel 905Summary 911Chapter 22: Thread Synchronization 913Why Synchronization? 914Timers 943Summary 945Chapter 23: Platform Interoperability and Unsafe Code 947Platform Invoke 948Pointers and Addresses 960Executing Unsafe Code via a Delegate 971Summary 972Chapter 24: The Common Language Infrastructure 973Defining the Common Language Infrastructure 974CLI Implementations 975.NET Standard 978Base Class Library 979C# Compilation to Machine Code 979Runtime 982Assemblies, Manifests, and Modules 986Common Intermediate Language 989Common Type System 990Common Language Specification 991Metadata 991.NET Native and Ahead of Time Compilation 993Summary 993Index 995Index of 8.0 Topics 1039Index of 7.0 Topics 1041Index of 6.0 Topics 1043