5G Wireless

Dr. William Stallings has made a unique contribution to understanding the broad sweep of technical developments in computer security, computer networking, and computer architecture. He has authored 20 textbooks, and, counting revised editions, more than 75 books on various aspects of these subjects. His writings have appeared in numerous ACM and IEEE publications, including the Proceedings of the IEEE and ACM Computing Reviews. He has 13 times received the award for the best computer science textbook of the year from the Text and Academic Authors Association. In over 30 years in the field, he has been a technical contributor, a technical manager, and an executive with several high-technology firms. He has designed and implemented both TCP/IP-based and OSIbased protocol suites on a variety of computers and operating systems, ranging from microcomputers to mainframes. Currently he is an independent consultant whose clients have included computer and networking manufacturers and customers, software development firms, and leading-edge government research institutions. He created and maintains the Computer Science Student Resource Site at ComputerScienceStudent.com. This site provides documents and links on a variety of subjects of general interest to computer science students (and professionals). He is a member of the editorial board of Cryptologia, a scholarly journal devoted to all aspects of cryptology. Dr. Stallings holds a PhD from M.I.T. in computer science and a B.S. from Notre Dame in electrical engineering.

• Preface     xxiv PART I:  OVERVIEWChapter 1:  Cellular Networks: Concepts and Evolution     2 1.1 Evolution of Cellular Networks     2 1.2 Cellular Network Concepts     4 Cellular Organization     4 Network System Elements     10 Operation of Cellular Systems     11 1.3 First Generation (1G)     14 1.4 Second Generation (2G)     15 Time-Division Multiple Access     16 GSM Architecture     17 Radio Link Aspects     20 1.5 Third Generation (3G)     20 Code-Division Multiple Access     21 3G Architecture     21 1.6 Fourth Generation (4G)     24 E-UTRAN     26 LTE-Advanced Transmission Characteristics     29 Evolved Packet Core     33 1.7 Key Terms and Review Questions     34 Key Terms     34 Review Questions     35 Chapter 2:  5G Standards and Specifications     36 2.1 ITU-R and IMT-2020     37 International Mobile Telecommunications     38 Capabilities     38 Usage Scenarios     41 Use Cases     43 Evaluation     46 2.2 ITU-T and IMT-2020     57 Requirements     57 Network Slicing     59 Fixed Mobile Convergence     61 IMT-2020 Core Network Framework     62 2.3 3GPP     65 3GPP Releases     69 Detailed Requirements     70 2.4 Key Terms and Review Questions     72 Key Terms     72 Review Questions     73 2.5 References and Documents     74 References     74 Documents     74 Chapter 3:  Overview of 5G Use Cases and Architecture     76 3.1 5G Use Cases     77 ITU-R     77 5G Americas     77 NGMA Alliance     79 3.2 NGMN 5G Architecture Framework     81 Layered Functionality     82 Network Slicing     85 3.3 3GPP 5G Architecture     87 5G Core Network Architecture     87 Radio Access Network Architecture     94 Session Establishment     97 3.4 Key Terms and Review Questions     98 Key Terms     98 Review Questions     99 3.5 References and Documents     99 References     99 Documents     100 PART II:  USE CASES AND APPLICATIONSChapter 4:  Enhanced Mobile Broadband     102 4.1 eMBB Deployment Scenarios     103 Indoor Hotspot     104 Dense Urban     105 Rural     105 4.2 eMBB Performance Characteristics     105 Data Rate Requirements     106 Spectral Efficiency Requirements     107 Latency Requirements     108 Mobility Requirements     108 System Requirements     109 4.3 Smart Office: An Indoor Hotspot Use Case     110 4.4 Dense Urban Information Society: A Dense Urban Use Case     111 4.5 Radiocommunication Systems Between Train and Trackside: A Rural eMBB Use Case     113 Elements of RSTT     114 Applications of RSTT     114 Broadband Connectivity for Passengers     116 Linear Cell Architecture     117 4.6 Key Terms and Review Questions     118 Key Terms     118 Review Questions     118 4.7 References and Documents     119 References     119 Documents     119 Chapter 5:  Massive Machine Type Communications     122 5.1 mMTC Performance Requirements     123 5.2 The Internet of Things     124 The Scope of the Internet of Things     125 Things on the Internet of Things     128 Components of IoT-Enabled Things     128 Constrained Devices     129 IoT and Cloud Context     130 5.3 Relationship Between mMTC and the IoT     133 5.4 Relationship Between mMTC and NB-IoT and eMTC     135 Comparison of NB-IoT and eMTC     135 Low-Power Wide Area (LPWA)     136 5.5 Smart Agriculture     138 Model of IoT Deployment     138 Use Cases     140 Precision Crop Management     145 Network Performance Requirements     150 5.6 Smart Cities     150 Smart City Use Cases     151 ICT Architecture for Smart Cities     158 Network Performance Requirements     160 5.7 Key Terms and Review Questions     162 Key Terms     162 Review Questions     163 5.8 References and Documents     163 References     163 Documents     164 Chapter 6:  Ultra-Reliable and Low-Latency Communications     166 6.1 URLLC Performance Requirements     167 Latency     168 Mobility     169 Reliability     170 NGMN Definitions     170 6.2 URLLC Use Cases in Emerging Mission-Critical Applications     171 Industrial Automation     171 Ground Vehicles, Drones, and Robots     171 Tactile Interaction     171 Augmented Reality and Virtual Reality     172 Emergencies, Disasters, and Public Safety     176 Urgent Healthcare     176 Intelligent Transportation     177 6.3 URLLC Applications Based on Performance Requirements     178 Higher Reliability and Lower Latency     179 Higher Reliability, Higher Availability, and Lower Latency     180 Very Low Latency     181 Higher Accuracy Positioning     181 Higher Availability     181 Mission-Critical Services     182 6.4 Industry 4.0     182 Factory Automation Architecture     183 Application Areas     185 Use Cases     187 Performance Requirements     189 6.5 Unmanned Aircraft System Traffic Management     191 UTM Architecture     192 5G Performance Requirements for UTM     194 6.6 Key Terms and Review Questions     197 Key Terms     197 Review Questions     198 6.7 References and Documents     199 References     199 Documents     199 PART III:  5G NEXTGEN CORE NETWORKChapter 7:  Software-Defined Networking     202 7.1 Evolving Network Requirements     203 7.2 The SDN Approach     204 Modern Network Requirements     204 SDN Architecture     204 Characteristics of Software-Defined Networking     207 7.3 SDN Data Plane     207 Data Plane Functions     207 Data Plane Protocols     209 7.4 OpenFlow     209 Flow Table Structure     211 Flow Table Pipeline     214 The Use of Multiple Tables     216 Group Table     217 OpenFlow Protocol     217 7.5 SDN Control Plane     218 Control Plane Functions     218 Southbound Interface     220 Northbound Interface     220 Eastbound Interface     223 Westbound Interface     224 7.6 SDN Application Plane     225 Application Plane Architecture     225 Northbound Interface     226 Network Services Abstraction Layer     226 Network Applications     226 User Interface     230 7.7 Key Terms and Review Questions     230 Key Terms     230 Review Questions     231 7.8 References and Documents     231 References     231 Documents     232 Chapter 8:  Network Functions Virtualization     234 8.1 Background and Motivation for NFV     235 8.2 Virtual Machines and Containers     236 Hypervisor     236 Architectural Approaches     238 Container Virtualization     241 8.3 NFV Concepts     242 Simple Example of the Use of NFV     245 NFV Principles     246 High-Level NFV Framework     246 8.4 NFV Benefits and Requirements     248 NFV Benefits     248 NFV Requirements     249 8.5 NFV Reference Architecture     250 NFV Management and Orchestration     251 Reference Points     251 8.6 NFV Infrastructure     252 Container Interface     253 Deployment of NFVI Containers     256 Logical Structure of NFVI Domains     257 Compute Domain     258 Hypervisor Domain     260 Infrastructure Network Domain     261 8.7 Virtualized Network Functions     263 VNF Interfaces     263 VNFC-to-VNFC Communication     264 VNF Scaling     266 8.8 SDN and NFV     267 8.9 Key Terms and Review Questions     269 Key Terms     269 Review Questions     270 8.10 References and Documents     271 References     271 Documents     271 Chapter 9:  Core Network Functionality, QoS, and Network Slicing     272 9.1 Core Network Requirements     273 Network Operational Requirements     273 Basic Network Requirements     275 9.2 Core Network Functional Architecture     279 Tunneling     281 PDU Session Establishment     283 Policy Control Function     287 9.3 Quality of Service     291 QoS Capabilities     291 QoS Architectural Framework     294 QoS Classification, Marking, and Differentiation     297 3GPP QoS Architecture     298 QoS Parameters     299 QoS Characteristics     301 Standardized 5QI-to-QoS Characteristic Mapping     303 9.4 Network Slicing     307 Network Slicing Concepts     308 Requirements for Network Slicing     310 Identifying and Selecting a Network Slice     312 Functional Aspects of Network Slicing     313 Generic Slice Template     314 9.5 SDN and NFV Support for 5G     315 9.6 Key Terms and Review Questions     319 Key Terms     319 Review Questions     319 9.7 References and Documents     320 References     320 Documents     320 Chapter 10:  Multi-Access Edge Computing     322 10.1 MEC and 5G     323 10.2 MEC Architectural Concepts     324 10.3 ETSI MEC Architecture     327 Design Principles     328 MEC System Reference Architecture     329 Related Elements     332 10.4 MEC in NFV     333 MEC Components Implemented as VNFs     333 MEC Components Replaced by NFV Components     335 MEC System-Level Components     335 10.5 MEC Support for Network Slicing     335 10.6 MEC Use Cases     336 Consumer-Oriented Services     337 Operator and Third-Party Services     342 Network Performance and QoS Improvements     344 10.7 3GPP Architecture for Enabling Edge Applications     349 EDGEAPP Functional Architecture     350 Synergized Mobile Edge Cloud Architecture     352 10.8 Key Terms and Review Questions     353 Key Terms     353 Review Questions     353 10.9 References and Documents     354 References     354 Documents     355 PART IV:  5G NR AIR INTERFACE AND RADIO ACCESS NETWORKChapter 11:  Wireless Transmission     356 11.1 Channel Capacity     357 Nyquist Bandwidth     357 Shannon Capacity Formula     358 11.2 Line-of-Sight Transmission     361 Refraction     362 Optical and Radio Line of Sight     363 11.3 Line-of-Sight Transmission Impairments     364 Attenuation     364 Free Space Loss     365 Path Loss Exponent in Practical Cellular Systems     368 Noise     369 The Expression Eb/N0     372 Atmospheric Absorption     374 Multipath     375 Refraction     376 11.4 Fading in the Mobile Environment     376 Multipath Propagation     376 The Effects of Multipath Propagation     377 Types of Fading     378 The Fading Channel     379 11.5 Millimeter Wave Transmission for 5G     381 Propagation Impairments     381 Implications for 5G     385 11.6 Key Terms and Review Questions     387 Key Terms     387 Review Questions     388 11.7 References     389 ANNEX 11A: Decibels and Signal Strength     389 Chapter 12:  Antennas     394 12.1 Channel Correction Mechanisms     394 Adaptive Equalization     395 Diversity Techniques     396 Adaptive Modulation and Coding     398 Forward Error Correction     398 12.2 Introduction to Antennas     399 Radiation Patterns     399 Antenna Types     401 Antenna Gain     406 12.3 Multiple-Input/Multiple-Output (MIMO) Antennas     407 MIMO Principles     408 Multiple-User MIMO     410 12.4 Advanced Cellular Antennas     411 Evolution of Cellular Antennas     411 Beamforming     412 Active Antenna Systems     416 Massive MIMO     417 12.5 Key Terms and Review Questions     420 Key Terms     420 Review Questions     421 12.6 References     422 Chapter 13:  Air Interface Physical Layer     424 13.1 Modulation Schemes     424 Modulation     425 Amplitude-Shift Keying     425 Frequency-Shift Keying     426 Phase-Shift Keying     426 Quadrature Amplitude Modulation     433 pi/2-BPSK     437 13.2 OFDM, OFDMA, and SC-FDMA     438 Orthogonal Frequency-Division Multiplexing     438 OFDM Implementation     441 Difficulties of OFDM     444 Orthogonal Frequency-Division Multiple Access     445 Single-Carrier FDMA     446 13.3 Waveforms and Numerologies     448 Numerology     448 CP-OFDM     449 DFT-S-OFDM     450 13.4 Key Terms and Review Questions     451 Key Terms     451 Review Questions     452 13.5 References and Documents     453 References     453 Documents     453 ANNEX 13A: Multiplexing and Multiple Access     453 Multiplexing     453 Multiple Access     455 Chapter 14:  Air Interface Channel Coding     456 14.1 Transmission Errors     457 Error Burst     457 Data Transmission Channels     458 14.2 Forward Error Correction     460 Block Error Correction     460 Hamming Distance     462 14.3 Parity-Check Matrix Codes     466 Encoding     469 Error Detection     470 Error Correction     470 14.4 Low-Density Parity-Check Codes     471 Code Construction     472 Error Correction     473 Encoding     476 14.5 Polar Coding     476 Polar Encoder     477 Synthetic Channels     479 Decoding     483 14.6 3GPP Channel Coding Specification     484 Quasi-Cyclic Low-Density Parity-Check Codes     485 Polar Coding with CRC     486 14.7 Hybrid Automatic Repeat Request     488 14.8 Key Terms and Review Questions     490 Key Terms     490 Review Questions     490 14.9 References and Documents     491 References     491 Documents     492 Chapter 15:  5G Radio Access Network     494 15.1 Overall RAN Architecture     494 15.2 RAN–Core Functional Split     499 RAN Functional Areas     500 Core Functional Areas     501 15.3 RAN Channel Structure     502 Logical Channel     503 Transport Channels     503 Physical Channels     504 15.4 RAN Protocol Architecture     505 Air Interface Protocol Architecture     505 Channel Structure     508 RAN–Core Network Interface Protocol Architecture     509 Xn Interface Protocol Architecture     511 15.5 NG RAN Transport Network     512 15.6 Integrated Access and Backhaul     517 IAB Architecture     519 Parent/Child Relationship     520 IAB Protocol Architecture     520 15.7 Key Terms and Review Questions     523 Key Terms     523 Review Questions     524 15.8 References and Documents     525 References     525 Documents     525 PART V:  APPENDIXESAppendix A:  Review Questions and Solutions     528Appendix B:  Glossary     594Appendix C:  Acronyms     604Index     608