As the Romans Did

Jo-Ann Shelton is Professor of Classics (Emerita) at the University of California, Santa Barbara. Pauline Ripat is Associate Professor of Classics at the University of Winnipeg (Canada).

This text is an engaging look at the Romans' material and cultural world. It offers students the opportunity to delve deeply into topics such as Roman laws, the job market in the Roman world, women in Roman society, agriculture in antiquity, ancient medicine and many other aspects of daily life in ancient Rome. Shelton brings Roman social history to life in a way that will encourage the book's audience to see how this ancient society has influenced our modern world and also how life has changed over time. -Jennifer Rea, University of Florida

• Preface to the Third EditionFigures, Charts, and MapsAcknowledgementsAbout the Authors IntroductionThe Roman Ideal1. Horatius at the Bridge, Veturia outside the Walls I. The Structure of Roman Society Social Structure2. Rule by the <"Best Men> " 3, 4. Definitions of Justice and Law5, 6. Discrimination in Assigning PenaltiesPaternalism and Patronage7. Patrician and Plebeian8. Patrons and Clients in Republican Rome9. Patrons and Clients in Imperial Rome10. Seeking a Handout11. Patrons and Patrons12. Rude Patrons12. Another Rude Patron14. No Free Lunches (or Dinners) II. FamiliesFathers15. Patria Potestas16. Horace's Father17. Quintilian's Sons18. Cicero's GriefImage 2.1. Marcus Cornelius Statius and His FatherMothers19. The Ideal20. Memory of a Warm Moment21. Maternal Tenderness22. A Mother's Concern23. An Ungrateful SonBlended Families24. Step-ParentsBrothers and Sisters25. Brotherly Love26. Sisterly AffectionProducing a Family27. Fertility28, 29. Birth Announcements30. Miscarriage31. Infant DeathsImage 2.2. Commemoration of a ChildBirth Control32, 33. Contraception34, 35. Abortion36, 37. ExposureEncouraging Fertility38-40. The Legislation of AugustusAdoption41. An Adoption Agreement42. Giving Away One's ChildRaising Children43. Filial Obedience44. Spoiled Brats45. Advice about Parental Severity46, 47. Nurses48. Paedagogues49. A Persistant PaedagogueGuardians50. Appointing GuardiansOrphans51. An Appeal for HelpWelfare Assistance52. Public Assistance Image 2.3. Trajan's Charity53. Private Charity III. MarriageThe Age of Marriage Partners54. Child BridesArranged Marriages55. MatchmakersWeddings56. A Wedding Song57. A Marriage Contract58. Expectations of MarriageImage 3.1. Harmonious MarriageWives59. The Duties of a Wife60. A Perfect Marriage61, 62. Calpurnia, Pliny's Wife63. Quintilian's Wife64. Love for a Wife65, Image 3.2. A Good WifeHusbands66. Battered Wives67. Wife-Beating68. Love for a Husbandln-Laws69, 70. Family InterventionDivorce71. A Divorce Agreement72. Response to DivorceAdultery73. Where to Meet74. Deceiving One's Husband75. Poems to a Mistress76. Another Perspective77. Laws to Control Adultery78. Augustus's Own Behavior IV. Housing and City LifeSingle-Family Houses in the City79. Designs for City HousesImage 4.1. A House at PompeiiApartments80. Complaints from an Apartment Dweller81. A Dingy ApartmentImages 4.2, 4.3 Apartment Buildings82. A Landlord's ProblemsHouse Prices83. The High Cost of Living in RomeRental Advertisements84, 85. Shops and Apartments for RentHomeowner's Insurance86. Fire Insurance The Benefits of City Life87. Aqueducts88. Roads, Sewers, and the Campus MartiusImage 4.4. The Streets of Herculaneum89. Toilets90, 91. RoadsThe Problems of City Life92. Crowds, Traffic, and Muggers93. Noise94. Theft95. Burglary96. NeighborsHousing in Rural Areas97. Farm Houses98. Vacation Villas V. Domestic and Personal ConcernsMeals Images 5.1, 5.2. Bread, the Staff of Life99. A Peasant's Dinner100. A Modest DinnerImage 5.3. Dinner at Home101. A Dinner Invitation102. A Rejected Host103. Recipe for Fish Sauce104. Numidian Chicken105. Rabbit with Fruit Sauce106. Liver Sausage107. Anchovy Delight without the Anchovies108. Sweet and Sour PorkIllness109. Dysentery110. AsthmaMedical Treatments111. Jaundice112. Broken Bones113. Strains and BruisesDoctors114. Medical Training115, 116. Change of Profession117. Distrust of DoctorsImage 5.4. Medical Professions118. MidwivesLife Expectancy119. Lutatia Secundina120. Magnilla121. Mercurius122. FirminusDeath123. Death Notices124. Cicero's Grief125. CondolencesFunerary Laws and Funerals126. Funerary Laws127. Curses on Tomb Violators128. Funerals129. A Funeral Club130. Final Words: An EpitaphPersonal Messages131-133. The Walls of Pompeii VI. EducationThe Roman Ideal134. A Traditional EducationA Child's Early Years135. The Role of the ParentsImage 6.1. A Parent's HopesTeachers and Schools136. Private Tutors137. Orbilius, the Schoolteacher138. Corporal Punishment139. A Schoolteacher's Hours140. A Schoolteacher's Salary141. Incentives for Learning142. Book Awards143. An Endowment for a School144. A Letter HomeThe Litterator145. A Day in the Life of a SchoolboyImage 6.2. Writing Equipment146. Morals and Memorization147. An Arithmetic Lesson148. Enough Education for the Average ManVocational Training149. Apprenticeship to a Weaver150. Career Choice151. Girls at WorkThe Grammaticus152. CurriculumImage 5.3. School of the GrammaticusThe Rhetor153. The Good Old Days154, 155. Classroom Exercises156. Pity the Teacher157. Criticism of the Rhetor's Exercises158. Criticism of the <"New Style> "159. The Ideal OratorA Year Abroad160. Studying in Athens VII. OccupationsThe Day's Activities161. Dividing Up the Day162. City LifeWorking for a Living163. Scorn for the Working Class164. Tradesmen and CraftsmenImage 7.1. A Produce Seller165. Workers166. Pride of Workmanship167. Temporary Employment168. Wage and Price ControlImage 7.2. A Butcher's Shop169. The Grain DoleBusiness and Investments170. The Roman Attitude toward Profit171. Traders172. Rome, The Center of Trade173. Moneylending174. Loan Companies175. War Bonds176. Cato's Financial Activities 177. A Real Estate Speculator178. A Government Construction Contract179. A Government Contract for Military Provisions180. Contract Fraud181, 182. Government Contracts for Tax Collection183. Money lending in the Provinces 184. KingmakersActivities of the Senatorial Class185. Pliny's Investments186. Pliny's ActivitiesAgriculture187. An Attempt at Land ReformImage 7.3. A Farmer's Toil188. Tillers of the Field189. Tenant Farmers190. Sharecroppers191. A Farmer's Life192. Shepherds193. Harassment of Shepherds194. Farmers and Heroes 195. Retreat from Reality196. The Romantic Vision197. The Country Mouse and the City Mouse VIII. Enslaved Persons Enslavement 198. Captives of War Image 8.1: Enslaving PeopleSelling Slaves 199. Regulations Buying Slaves 200. A Contract for the Sale of a Slave 201. A Friend's Advice Renting Slaves202. A Contract for the Rental of a Slave Slaves in the City and on the Farm 203. Household Slaves204. Adjusting to Enslavement Image 8.2 Duties of the Enslaved205. State-Owned Slaves206. Choosing Slaves for the Farm207. Farm Slaves and a Frugal Owner 208. Managing Slaves Slaves in the Mines209. Spanish Silver MinesSlaves in a Mill 210. A Flour MillCruelty to Slaves 211. Flogging212. Sadism213. Brutality214. Cruel LawsFlightImage 8.3, 215, 216. Slave Collars217. A Search for a Fugitive SlaveSlave Revolts218. Revolt within the Household 219. A Widespread RevoltGentler Treatment220. Benevolence221. A Stoic View of Slavery 222. Laws to Curb Cruelty223. Hadrian's Legislation 224. Reiteration225. Humane Interpretation of the Laws 226. Enslaved Families IX. Freedmen and Freedwomen Reasons for Manumission227. Recognition of Talent 228. Recognition of Intelligence229. Freeing Possible Witnesses230. Adoption 231. Marriage232. Criticism of the Manumission ProcessRoman Attitudes toward Freedmen and Freedwomen233. The Stereotype of the Wealthy Freedman234. Resentment235. Prejudice against ForeignersFreedpersons and the Job Market236. Construction Work237. Herald238. Teacher239. Slaughterer240. MaidFreedpersons and Their Patrons241. Legal Obligations242. The Ideal Freedman243. A Troubled Relationship244. A Generous Patron245. Another Kind Patron246. Selective KindnessPrivate and Social Life247. A Life Story248. Friendship between FreedpersonsImage 9.1. Freedpersons and Family249. Mother and Daughter250. Seeking RespectabilityImage 9.2. Self-Presentation X. Government and Politics The Assemblies251. The Comitia252. Comitia and Concilium: Some Differences253. Lex and Plebiscitum254. ContioMagistrates255. The Functions of the Magistrates256. The Titles of the Magistrates251. The Development of the MagistraciesImage 10.1. Monarchical Power and Republican Magistrates258. The Duties of the Consuls259. The Responsibilities of a Magistrate 260. Friends in Power261. Abuse of PowerPolitical Campaigns262. Planning a Campaign263. Campaign LiteratureImage 10.2. Election EndorsementsThe Senate264. The Senate in the Republican Period265. The Senate and the People266. The Senate and the EquestriansGovernment in the Early Imperial Period267. The Powers of Augustus268. The Prefect of the City269, 270. Careers in the Government271. The End of Popular Elections272, 273. Freedom of Speech274. The Emperor and the Senate275, 276. The Benefits of Imperial RuleLegislation277. Roman Self-Styling278. Sources of Legislation279-281. Categories282. Definitions283-289. Equity290. The Force of Custom XI. The Roman ArmyThe Army during the Republican Period291. The Army before Marius's Reforms292. A Good Republican Soldier293. A TriumphThe Army during the Imperial Period294. Reasons for the Army's Success295. Enlistment296. Training297-299. Discipline300. Pay Records301. Supply and Service Troops302, Image 11.1. A Letter Home303. A Letter of Recommendation304. How to Advance Quickly305. Soldiers and the Emperor306. A Mutiny307, 308. The Height of Recruits309. Avoiding the Draft310. Soldiers and Civilians311. Requisitions312. Military Justice313. Life on the Frontier314. Retirement in the ProvincesImage 11.2. Life and Death of a Veteran315. The Danube Frontier316. Roman Families in Britain XII. Provincial AdministrationProvincial Administration Image 12.1. Provincial Resources and Roman Perceptions Image 12.2. Grain for Rome317. The Theory of Provincial Administration 318. The Publican Problem 319. Cicero as Governor 320. The Noble Brutus321. A Most Unscrupulous Governor 322. Fear of Rebellion 323. Hatred of Roman Rule 324. The Benefits of Roman Rule Image 12.3. Roman Shoes at the Edge of the Empire XIII. Women in Roman SocietyChildhood325. Little WomenImage 13.1. Toys for Girls326. Single WomenLife Expectancy327. A Brief Life Image 13.2. Commemorating an Untimely Death328. Death in Childbirth 329. FemicidePraiseworthy Behavior 330. The Virtues of Women 331. An Outstanding example of Pietas332. Emotional Control333. Loyalty334. PatienceImage 13.3. Tidy AppearanceUnacceptable Behavior335. Scandalous Conduct336. Women and Politics 337. Women and Too Much Education338. Women and Luxuries339. Women and Theatrical Performances340. Women and VanityHysteria341. Symptoms342. Causes and CuresWomen at Work343. A Dressmaker344. A Hairdresser345. A Fishmonger346. Farm Women347. Companions to Shepherds XIV. Leisure and EntertainmentLeisure Activities348, 349. The Pleasures of Life350. Gambling and Gaming351. Athletic ActivitiesBaths 352. The Good Old Days353. Living Above a Public Bath Building354. The Design of a Bath BuildingDinner Parties355. Fishing for a Dinner Invitation356. An Early Dinner Guest357. A Thrifty Man358. Roman Doggy Bags359. A Shameless Guest360. A Napkin Thief361. A Rude Host362. House of the MoralistRecitations363. The Persistent Poet364. The Popularity of Recitations365. A Recitation at Pliny's HouseHunting and Literary Studies366. Pliny's Hunting Expedition367. A Day in the CountryTravel368. Along the Appian Way369. Hotel Sign370. Hotel Bars371. Dishonest Innkeepers372. Hotel Prostitutes373. Homesickness374. Loneliness375. No Trespassing376. The Ancient Jet SetSpectacles377. Caesar's Games378. Nero's Games379. Political Wisdom380. The Road to DecadenceCircus Events381. A Driver's Winning TechniquesImage 14.1. A Chariot Race382. A Day at the Races383. Fanatical Fans384. A Successful Driver385. Cursing One's Opponent386. A Young Driver387. A Family of Drivers388. A Famous DriverTheater Events389. The Problems of a Playwright390. PantomimeArena Events391, 392. Advertising Amphitheater Events393. Fight StatisticsImage 14.2. A Combat of Gladiators394. Fans395. An Unsympathetic Point of View396. A More Enlightened View397. Rounding Up the Animals398. The Harmful Results of Spectacles399. Escaping the Tortures of the Arena400. The Victim's Perspective401. Fascination and Addiction XV. Religion and PhilosophyReligion and Society402. Roman Religiosity403. Religion and Roman Social Cohesion404. Religion and Imperial SuccessDeities 405. 1. <"Major> " Deities of Roman Public Religion406, 407. Epithets 408. 2. Minor Deities with Specific Powers409, 410. 3. Deities of the Environment411. 4. Household DeitiesImage 15.1. A Lararium412. Worship on the Farm413. 5. Ancestral Deities414, 415. 6. Imported Deities416. Welcoming the Gods of the Enemy417. 7. Deities in the ProvincesEmperors as Deities418, 419. Tiberius' Resistance to Emperor WorshipRitual 420, 421. Words and Actions 422. Prayer and Sacrifice 423, 424. Acceptable Victims 425. Ritual for Purification 426. Ambarvalia Image 15.2. A suovetaurilia427, 428. Vows429. Oaths430, 431, 432. CursesPriests433. Pontifices434, 435. Vestal Virgins436. Fratres Arvales Divination 437. Augury and the Augures 438. A Cautionary Tale 439. Extispicy and the Haruspices 440, 441. The Sibylline Books and the Quindecimviri Sacris Faciundis 442, 443. Private Divination Religious Space The Roman Calendar 444. Naming the Days Festivals 445. Lupercalia 446. Saturnalia 447. Saturnalia Gifts Crisis 448. Hannibal in Italy 449. Civil War Religions from the East Bacchus 450. Suppression of the Bacchanalia 451. The Edict of the Senate Isis 452. Worship of the Goddess 453. Christian Skepticism Encounters with Monotheism Judaism 454. The Jewish Community in Rome and the Emperor Tiberius 455. The Jewish Community and the Emperors Augustus and Caligula456. The Jewish Community in Alexandria and the Emperor Claudius Christianity457. The Promises of Christianity458, 459. Christians in the First Century A.D.460. Imperial Advice about Dealing with Christians461. Christian Reaction to Trajan's Rescriptum462. Misconceptions about Christianity 463. A Christian's Reply to the Accusations 464. Martyrs 465. Systematic Persecution 466. Toleration 467. Resistance to Intolerance 468. Christian Intolerance Philosophy Epicureanism 469. The Reasons for Studying Philosophy 470. The First Principal 471. The Second Principal 472. Proof of the Existence of Atoms 473. Void 474. Life and Death Stoicism 475. The Promise of Philosophy 476. Stoic Definition of Happiness 477. Fate and Free Will 478. Emotions 479. The Invulnerability of the Wise Man 480. Death as True Freedom 481. Training and Preparation 482. Self-Discipline and Steadfastness Genealogy ChartsMaps Appendix I: Sources Appendix II: Roman Money Appendix III: Important Dates and Events Suggestions for Further Reading Thematic QuestionsIndex