Heuristics

The Foundations of Adaptive Behavior

Häftad, Engelska, 2016

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Beskrivning

How do people make decisions when time is limited, information unreliable, and the future uncertain? Based on the work of Nobel laureate Herbert Simon and with the help of colleagues around the world, the Adaptive Behavior and Cognition (ABC) Group at the Max Planck Institute for Human Development in Berlin has developed a research program on simple heuristics, also known as fast and frugal heuristics. In the social sciences, heuristics have been believed to be generally inferior to complex methods for inference, or even irrational. Although this may be true in "small worlds " where everything is known for certain, we show that in the actual world in which we live, full of uncertainties and surprises, heuristics are indispensable and often more accurate than complex methods. Contrary to a deeply entrenched belief, complex problems do not necessitate complex computations. Less can be more. Simple heuristics exploit the information structure of the environment, and thus embody ecological rather than logical rationality. Simon (1999) applauded this new program as a "revolution in cognitive science, striking a great blow for sanity in the approach to human rationality. "By providing a fresh look at how the mind works as well as the nature of rationality, the simple heuristics program has stimulated a large body of research, led to fascinating applications in diverse fields from law to medicine to business to sports, and instigated controversial debates in psychology, philosophy, and economics. In a single volume, the present reader compiles key articles that have been published in journals across many disciplines. These articles present theory, real-world applications, and a sample of the large number of existing experimental studies that provide evidence for people's adaptive use of heuristics.

Produktinformation

Utgivningsdatum:2016-01-14
Mått:178 x 251 x 48 mm
Vikt:1 542 g
Format:Häftad
Språk:Engelska
Antal sidor:880
Förlag:OUP USA
ISBN:9780190494629

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Mer om författaren

Gerd Gigerenzer is Director of the Center for Adaptive Behavior and Cognition at the Max Planck Institute for Human Development in Berlin, and former Professor of Psychology at the University of Chicago. He won the AAAS Prize for the best article in the behavioral sciences and the Association of American Publishers Prize for the best book in the social and behavioral sciences. His recent books include Rationality for Mortals, Gut Feelings, and Risk Savvy .Ralph Hertwig is Director of the Center for Adaptive Rationality at the Max Planck Institute for Human Development in Berlin. His research investigates how individuals and groups juggle the simultaneous demands of uncertainty, data scarcity, and limits in cognitive resources when making decisions. He was previously Chair of Cognitive and Decision Sciences and Dean of the Faculty of Psychology at the University of Basel, and he is a recipient of the Heinz Heckhausen Young Scientist Prize.

Recensioner i media

This volume makes a powerful case for the importance of fast and frugal heuristics in explaining a wide range of aspects of cognition. It brings together the latest developments in one of the most influential research programmes in the decision sciences, and will provide a valuable stimulus for, and a challenge to, research across the field." Nick Chater, University College London

Innehållsförteckning

IntroductionList of ContributorsAppetizer1. Homo heuristicus: Why Biased Minds Make Better Inferences.Gerd Gigerenzer, and Henry BrightonPart I: TheoryOpening the adaptive toolbox2. Reasoning the Fast and Frugal Way: Models of Bounded Rationality.Gerd Gigerenzer, and Daniel G. Goldstein3. Models of Ecological Rationality: The Recognition Heuristic.Daniel Goldstein and Gerd Gigerenzer4. How Forgetting Aids Heuristic Inference.Lael J. Schooler and R. Hertwig5. Simple Heuristics and Rules of Thumb: Where Psychologists and Behavioral Biologists Might Meet. John M.C. Hutchinson and Gerd Gigerenzer 6. Naive and Yet Enlightened: From Natural Frequencies to Fast and Frugal Decision Trees.Laura Martignon, Oliver Vitouch, Masinori Takezawa, and Malcolm R. Forster7. The Priority Heuristic: Making Choices without Trade-Offs.Eduard Brandstätter, Gerd Gigerenzer, and Ralph Hertwig8. One-Reason Decision making: Modeling Violations of Expected Utility Theory.Konstantinos V. Katsikopoulos and Gerd Gigerenzer9. The Similarity Heuristic.Daniel Read and Yael Grushka-Cockayne10. Hindsight Bias: A By-Product of Knowledge Updating?Ulrich Hoffrage, Ralph Hertwig, and Gerd GigerenzerHow are heuristics selected?11. SSL: A Theory of How People Learn to Select Strategies.Jõrg Rieskamp and Philipp E. Otto Part II: TestsWhen do heuristics work?12. Fast, Frugal, and Fit: Simple Heuristics for Paired Comparison.Laura Martignon and Ulrich Hoffrage13. Heuristic and Linear Lodels of Judgment: Matching Rules and Environments.Robin M. Hogarth and Natalia Karelaia14. Categorization with Limited Resources: A Family of Simple Heuristics.Laura Martignon, Konstantinos V. Katsikopoulo, and Jan K. Woike15. A Signal Detection Analysis of the Recognition Heuristic.Timothy J. Pleskac16. The Relative Success of Recognition-Based Iinference in Multichoice Decisions.Rachel McCloy, C. Philip Beaman, and T. Smith When do people rely on one good reason?17. The Quest for Take-the-Best.Arndt Bröder18. Empirical Tests of a Fast and Frugal Heuristic: Not Everyone "Takes-the-Best."Ben R. Newell, Nicola J. Weston, and David R. Shanks19. A Response-Time Approach to Comparing Generalized Rational and Take-the-Best Models of Decision Making.F. Bryan Bergert and Robert M. Nosofsky20. Sequential Processing of Cues in Memory-Based Multi-Attribute Decisions.Arndt Bröder and Wolfgang Gaissmaier21. Does Imitation Benefit Cue-OrderLlearning?Rocio Garcia-Retamero, Masanori Takezawa, and Gerd Gigerenzer22. The Aging Decision Maker: Cognitive Aging and the Adaptive Selection of Decision Strategies.Rui Mata, Lael J. Schooler, and Jörg RieskampWhen do people rely on name recognition?23. On the Psychology of the Recognition Heuristic: Retrieval Primacy as a Key Determinant of its Use.Thorsten Pachur and Ralph Hertwig24. The Recognition Heuristic in Memory-Based Inference: Is Recognition a Non-Compensatory Cue?Thorsten Pachur, Arndt Bröder, and Julian N. Marewski25. Why You Think Milan is Larger than Modena: Neural Correlates of the Recognition Heuristic.Kirsten G. Volz, Lael J. Schooler, Ricarda I. Schubotz, Markus Raab, Gerd Gigerenzer, and D. Yves von Cramon26. Fluency Heuristic: A Model of How the Mind Exploits a By-Product of Information Retrieval.Ralph Hertwig, Stefan M. Herzog, Lael J. Schooler, and Torsten Reimer27. The Use of Recognition in Group Decision Making.Torsten Reimer and Konstantinos V. Katsikopoulos Part III: Heuristics in the WildCrime28. Psychological Models of Professional Decision Making.Mandeep K. Dhami29. Geographic Profiling: The Fast, Frugal, and Accurate Way.Brent Snook, Paul J. Taylor, and Craig Bennel30. Take-the-Best in Expert-Novice Decision Strategies for Residential Burglary.Rocio Garcia-Retamero and Mandeep K. DhamiSports31. Predicting Wimbledon Tennis Results 2005 by Player Name Recognition.Benjamin Scheibehenne and Arndt Bröder32. Heuristics in Sports That Help Ws Win.W.M. Bennis and Torsten Pachur33. How Dogs Navigate to Catch Frisbees.Dennis M. Shaffer, Scott M. Krauchunas, Marianna Eddy, and Michael K. McBeathInvestment34. Optimal versus Naïve Diversification: How Inefficient in the 1/N Portfolio Strategy?Victor DeMiguel, Lorenzo Garlappi, and Raman Uppal35. Parental Investment: How an Equity Motive Can Produce Inequality.Ralph Hertwig, Jennifer Nerissa Davis, and Frank J. Sulloway36. Instant Customer Base analysis: Managerial Heuristics Often "Get It Right."Markus Wübben and Florian v. WangenheimEveryday things37. Green Defaults: Information Presentation and Pro-Environmental Behavior.Daniel Pichert and Konstantinois V. Katsikopoulos38. "IfEL": Satisficing Algorithms for Mapping Conditional Statements onto Social Domains.Alejandro López-Rousseau and Timothy Ketelaar39. Applying One-Reason Decision Making: The Prioritisation of Literature SearchesMichael D. Lee, Natasha Loughlin, and Ingrid B. Lundberg40. Aggregate Age-at-Marriage Patterns from Individual Mate-Search Heuristics.Peter M. Todd, Francesco C. Billari, and Jorge Simão ReferencesName indexSubject index