Composition is the relation between a whole and its parts—the parts are said to compose the whole; the whole is composed of the parts. But is a whole anything distinct from its parts taken collectively? It is often said that ''a whole is nothing over and above its parts''; but what might we mean by that? Could it be that a whole just is its parts?This collection of essays is the first of its kind to focus on the relationship between composition and identity. Twelve original articles—written by internationally renowned scholars and rising stars in the field—argue for and against the controversial doctrine that composition is identity. An editor''s introduction sets out the formal and philosophical groundwork to bring readers to the forefront of the debate.