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• Preface by Robin Winks Introduction Modernity Eighteenth-century Background The Enlightenment The French Revolution 1. Restoration and Revolution, 1815-1840 The Congress of Vienna, 1814-1815 The Persistence of Revolution, 1820-1823 Serbian and Greek Independence, 1804-1829 The Decembrist Revolt in Russia, 1825 The Revolutions of 1830 France National Independence in Belgium Nationalist Revolutions in Poland, Italy, and Germany Reform without Revolution: Great Britain The Counter Revolution in Russia The Lessons of 1830 2. Romanticism An Age of Feeling and Poetry, 1790-1830 Music Painting Architecture Religion and Philosophy Romantic Nationalism and the Return of the Past Melodrama and Popular Romanticism 3. The Industrial Age Begins Industrial Growth Precursors: Agriculture, Demography, and Markets Momentum Trains: The Ultimate Machine Why Britain? The Challenge of Industrialization France Germany Italy Austria The Balkans "Core-Periphery" Industrialization Russia 4. Social Change and Social Life Class Population Growth and Redistribution Rural Society Peasants Rural Elites Cities Workers Social Mobility Middle Classes Religious Minorities 5. Ideas and Ideologies Conservatism Liberalism Economic Liberalism Utilitarian Liberalism Humantarian Liberalism Toward Democracy: The Vote Socialism Utopian Socialism Karl Marx and Marxism Marxism after 1848 Apostles of Violence and Non-Violence Anarchists Christian Socialists and Christian Democrats Mass Political Movements 6. The Revolutions of 1848 Causes Nationalism in the 1840s Political Activism The Hungry Forties The Revolutions of 1848 France Italy Germany Austrian Empire Great Britain and Russia Consequences of 1848 7. Building the Modern Nation-State, 1850-1880 The Crimean War France: The Second Empire Unification of Italy and Germany Italy Germany The Paris Commune Germany: The Nation-State The Habsburg Empire Compromise and the Dual Monarchy The Nationality Question under the Dual Monarchy: Austria The Nationality Question under the Dual Monarchy: Hungary New States in Ottoman Europe Poles of Reform The Russian Empire and the Great Reforms Great Britain and the Cult of Progress 8. Realism, Reason, and Respectability The Economic Boom and Second Industrial Revolution France and Germany Russia and Italy Austria-Hungary Urbanization and Migration Respectability Darwinism, 1859-1871 Realism in the Arts Literature Music Painting Sculpture, Monument, Architecture Photography 9. The Age of Imperialism, 1870-1914 Motives for Imperialism Money Power Security Ideology British Rule in India Imperialism in East Asia The "Scramble for Africa" Conflicts in Africa After Partition Fashoda The Boer War Russia: Between Nation and Empire Imperialism at Home Mass Nationalism and Racism Economic and Political Consequences of Imperialism 10. Challenges to Modernity, 1890-1914 City Life: Fin de siécle and Belle Époque Growth of the Urban Population The Workers' Challenge The Women's Challenge Leisure and Mass Culture The Cultural Challenge: Modernism Painting Music The Other Arts Modern Scientific Theory: Discontinuity, Randomness, and Relativity Social Sciences 11. Political Polarization and Conflict, 1870-1914 Imperial Germany, 1880-1914 Great Britain: Protest on Three Fronts, 1867-1914 France: The Third Republic, 1870-1914 Italy after Unification, 1870-1914 Russian Reaction and Revolution, 1881-1914 The Revolution of 1905 The Austro-Hungarian Empire, 1867-1914 Conflicts among Nationalities The Road to War