American Horizons

Michael Schaller is Regents Professor of History Emeritus at the University of Arizona, where he has taught since 1974. His areas of specialization include U.S. international and East Asian relations and the resurgence of conservatism in late 20th-century America. Janette Thomas Greenwood is Professor of History at Clark University. She specializes in African American history and history of the U.S. South. Andrew Kirk is Professor and Chair of History at University of Nevada, Las Vegas. He specializes in the history of the U.S. West and environmental history. Sarah J. Purcell is L.F. Parker Professor of History at Grinnell College. She specializes in the early national period, antebellum United States, popular culture, politics, gender, and military history. Aaron Sheehan-Dean is Chair and Fred C. Frey Professor of History at Louisiana State University. He specializes in the Civil War and Reconstruction, the history of the New South, and nineteenth-century America. Christina Snyder is the McCabe Greer Professor of History at The Pennsylvania State University. She researches colonialism, race, and slavery, with a focus on Native North America from the pre-contact era through the nineteenth century.

• MapsPrefaceAbout the Authors CHAPTER 1The Origins of the Atlantic World, Ancient Times to 1565North America to 1500The First AmericansHunters, Gatherers, and FarmersTrade and the Rise of Native CitiesNorth America on the Eve of ColonizationEarly Colonialism, 1000-1513European Expansion Across the AtlanticIberians, Africans, and the Creation of an Eastern Atlantic WorldColumbus Invades the CaribbeanViolence, Disease, and Cultural ExchangeThe Invasion of North America, 1513-1565The Fall of MexicaEarly EncountersGLOBAL PASSAGES: The Doctrine of DiscoveryReligious Reformation and European RivalriesThe Founding of FloridaConsider the Source: The Catalan Atlas (1375) CHAPTER 2Colonists on the Margins, 1565-1646Imperial Inroads and the Expansion of Trade, 1565-1607Spain Stakes Claim to FloridaNew Spain into the SouthwestEngland Enters Eastern North AmericaThe Fur Trade in the NortheastEuropean Islands in a Native American Ocean, 1607-1625Tsenacomoco and VirginiaNew France, New Netherland, New Native NortheastPilgrims and Northeastern NativesGLOBAL PASSAGES: Angela's Ordeal, the Atlantic Slave Trade, and the Creation of African North American CulturesSeeking God, Seizing Land, Reaping Conflict, 1625 to c. 1640Missionaries and Native Nations in New France and New MexicoMigration and the Expansion of Dutch and English North AmericaDissent in the "City upon a Hill"Early Wars Between Colonists and Native NationsConsider the Source: Pocahontas in England CHAPTER 3Forging Tighter Bonds, 1640-1700Uncivil Wars, 1640-1660Smallpox and War Plague the Great LakesEnglish Civil Wars and the Remaking of English AmericaPlanters and Enslaved People of the CaribbeanMissionaries and Native Nations in the Southeast and SouthwestNew Imperial Orders, 1660-1680The English Colonial Empire and the Conquest of New NetherlandQuebec and the Expansion of French AmericaServitude and Slavery in the ChesapeakeThe Creation of South CarolinaMetacom and the Battle for New EnglandGLOBAL PASSAGES: Global Catholicism, Indigenous Christianity, and Catherine/Kateri TekakwithaVictorious Pueblos, a New Mid-Atlantic, and "Glorious" Revolutions, 1680 to the 1690sThe Pueblo War for IndependenceRoyal Charters for New Jersey and PennsylvaniaEnglish North America's "Glorious" RevolutionsNorth America's Hundred Years' War BeginsConsider the Source: The Massachusetts Body of Liberties CHAPTER 4The Growth of Colonialism and Slavery, c. 1690-1730Trade and PowerAn Economic Revolution on the PlainsAccommodation in Texas and the SouthwestNative Nations, the French, and the Making of LouisianaSlaving Raids, Expansion, and War in the CarolinasHaudenosaunee Hegemony and Concessions in the NortheastMigration and ImperialismForced MigrationThe "Naturalization" of Slavery and RacismEuropean Immigrants and Imperial ExpansionPietism and Atlantic ProtestantismImperial Authority and Colonial ResistanceGLOBAL PASSAGES: New York, Madagascar, and Indian Ocean PiracyLaying Foundations in British North AmericaAn Industrious RevolutionImproved CommunicationsConsider the Source: Guillaume de L'Isle, Carte de la Louisiane et du Cours du Mississipi (Map of Louisiana and Course of the Mississippi) (1718) CHAPTER 5Battling for Souls, Minds, and the Heart of North America, 1730-1763Natives and NewcomersThe Growth of SlaveryThe Impact of Irish and German ImmigrationSlave Resistance and the Creation of GeorgiaSettler Colonialism and Eastern Native NationsMinds, Souls, and WalletsNorth Americans Engage the EnlightenmentBecoming a Consumer SocietyRevivals and the Rise of Evangelical ChristianityGLOBAL PASSAGES: Freedom and Evangelism in the Atlantic WorldAfrican, African American, and Indigenous AwakeningsNorth America and the French and Indian War, 1754-1763The Struggle for the Ohio ValleyThe War in North America and in EuropeBritain Claims Eastern North AmericaConsider the Source: English Copy of a Catawba Deerskin Map (ca. 1721) CHAPTER 6Empire and Resistance, 1763-1776British and Spanish Imperial ReformTransatlantic Trade as an Engine of ConflictGrenville's ProgramPontiac's RebellionBourbon ReformsThe Enlightenment and Colonial IdentityStamp Act and ResistanceParliamentary ActionProtest and RepealEmpire and AuthorityConsumer ResistanceTownshend DutiesThe Non-Importation MovementMen and Women: Tea and PoliticsThe Boston MassacreResistance Becomes RevolutionBoston Tea Party and Coercive ActsEmpire, Control, and SlaveryMobilizationGLOBAL PASSAGES: Independence: Transatlantic Roots, Global InfluenceWar BeginsLord Dunmore's ProclamationDeclaring IndependenceThe World's First Declaration of IndependenceSpanish Imperial ConsolidationIdeology and ResistanceTaking Stock of EmpireConsider the Source: Philip Dawe, "The Patriotic Barber of New York, or the Captain in the Suds" (1774) CHAPTER 7A Revolutionary Nation, 1776-1789The Revolution Takes RootIdeology and Transatlantic PoliticsTrying Times: War ContinuesAlliance with FranceThe Structure of AuthorityState GovernmentsArticles of ConfederationMilitary OrganizationGLOBAL PASSAGES: Phillis Wheatley, Revolutionary Transatlantic Poet Diplomacy and International FinanceSecuring IndependenceWar at SeaWar in the SouthLoyalists: Resistance and MigrationIndian WarfareAfrican Americans at WarPeace and Shifting EmpiresRestructuring Political and Social AuthorityPower in the StatesEconomic ChangeWomen and RevolutionRacial Ideology and Questioning SlaveryA Federal NationDebt and DiscontentConstitutional ConventionRatificationConsider the Source: Petitions in the Aftermath of the Revolutionary War CHAPTER 8A New Nation Facing a Revolutionary World, 1789-1815The United States in the Age of the French RevolutionThe New Nation and the New RevolutionThe Rise of Party TensionsNeutrality and Jay's TreatyThe Popular Politics of RebellionNative Warfare and European PowerParty Conflict IntensifiesAdams in PowerQuasi-War with FranceAlien and Sedition ActsSlave Rebellions: Saint-Domingue and VirginiaThe "Revolution" of 1800 and the Revolution of 1804Jefferson ElectedDemocracy: Limits and ConflictsHaitian RevolutionGLOBAL PASSAGES: Revolutionary MigrationsThe Louisiana PurchaseTrade, Conflict, WarfareTransatlantic and Caribbean TradeMediterranean Trade: Barbary WarsWestern DiscontentsEuropean Wars and Commercial SanctionsThe War of 1812War DeclaredOppositionU.S. Offensives in CanadaTecumseh and Native ResistanceNaval WarBritish OffensiveThe War EndsConsider the Source: Portrait of Samuel Chester Reid CHAPTER 9American Peoples on the Move, 1789-1824Exploration and EncounterLewis and Clark ExpeditionZebulon PikePlains Indian PeoplesAstor and the Fur TradeAsian TradeShifting BordersJeffersonian AgrarianismNorthwest, Southwest, and New StatesThe Missouri CompromiseAfrican American Migration and ColonizationSpanish Expansion in CaliforniaSocial and Cultural ShiftsNative Americans and Civilization PolicyGender in Early Republican SocietyLiterature and Popular CultureAfrican American Culture: Enslaved and Free PeopleRoots of the Second Great AwakeningFinancial ExpansionBanks and PanicsCorporations and the Supreme CourtPolitics and Hemispheric ChangeFirst Seminole WarTranscontinental (Adams-Onís) TreatyThe United States and Latin American RevolutionsThe Monroe DoctrineGLOBAL PASSAGES: Francisco de Miranda, the United States, and Latin American IndependenceConsider the Source: Charles Collins to Thomas Jefferson, 25 March 1818 CHAPTER 10Market Revolutions and the Rise of Democracy, 1789-1832The Market SystemInternal and External MarketsTechnology: Domestic Invention and Global AppropriationWater and Steam PowerTransportation and CommunicationMarkets and Social RelationshipsManufacturing and the Factory SystemSlavery and MarketsClassUrban and Rural LifeDemocracy and the Public SphereVoting and PoliticsElection of 1824John Quincy AdamsAndrew Jackson, "The People," and the Election of 1828Jackson and the VetoEconomic Opportunity and Territorial ExpansionTexas ColonizationSanta Fe TrailThe Black Hawk WarExpanding MarketsThe Legal Structures of CapitalismGLOBAL PASSAGES: WhalingThe Erie CanalThe Industrial RevolutionConsider the Source: Lewis A. Tarascon, Circular Letter About a Road from the Missouri River to the Columbia River, July 3, 1824. CHAPTER 11New Boundaries, New Roles, 1820-1856An Expanding NationThe Trail of TearsSettler Colonialism in the WestLatin American Filibustering and the Texas Independence MovementPacific ExplorationsThe New Challenge of LaborWhite Workers, Unions, and Class ConsciousnessGLOBAL PASSAGES: Middlemen AbroadForeign-Born WorkersThe New Middle ClassThe Expansion of Slavery and Enslaved People as WorkersMen and Women in Antebellum AmericaGender and Economic ChangeLadies, Women, and Working GirlsMasculinity on the Trail, in the Cities, and on the FarmFreedom for SomeThe Nature of Democracy in the Atlantic WorldThe Second Party SystemDemocracy in the SouthConflicts over SlaveryConsider the Source: Two Views of Women's Political Duties CHAPTER 12Religion and Reform, 1820-1850The Second Great AwakeningSpreading the WordBuilding a Christian NationInterpreting the MessageNorthern ReformThe Temperance CrusadeThe Rising Power of American AbolitionWomen's RightsLove and Sex in the Age of ReformSouthern ReformSin, Salvation, and HonorPro-Slavery ReformNat Turner and Afro-ChristianityGLOBAL PASSAGES: Celebrating the Black AtlanticSouthern Antislavery ReformersChallenges to the Spirit of the AgeEmerson, Thoreau, and the American SoulThe First Mass CultureThe American RenaissanceA New PoliticsConsider the Source: William Lloyd Garrison, excerpts from "To The Public," January 1, 1831 CHAPTER 13A House Dividing, 1844-1860The Expansion of AmericaThe American Invasion and Conquest of MexicoThe Emergence of the New American WestGLOBAL PASSAGES: Making BoundariesCovered Wagons, Comanches, and CaliforniosContested CitizenshipThe Patterns of MigrationNew Immigrants and the Invention of AmericanismThe Know-Nothing MovementSlavery and Antebellum LifeThe Paradox of Slavery and ModernityThe West Indies, Brazil, and the Future of SlaveryInside the QuarterThe Creation of African AmericaThe Rise of the RepublicansFree Soil and Free LaborThe Politics of Slave CatchingWestern Expansion and the Kansas-Nebraska ActRising SectionalismConsider the Source: Nativist Cartoon, 1850s CHAPTER 14The Civil War, 1860-1865Secession, 1860-1861The Secession of the Lower SouthFort Sumter and the Secession of the Upper SouthMobilization for WarFrom the Ballot to the BulletWar in Earnest, 1862-1863The North AdvancesStalemate in the EastSouthern and Northern Home FrontsThe Struggle for European SupportGLOBAL PASSAGES: Civil Wars Around the WorldA New Birth of FreedomEnslaved People Take FlightFrom Confiscation to EmancipationGovernment Centralization in WartimeThe Hard War, 1863-1864Invasion and OccupationBlack Soldiers, Black FlagsThe Campaigns of Grant and ShermanVictory and Defeat, 1865American Nationalism, Southern NationalismThe New Challenge of RaceEnvironmental and Economic Scars of WarThe Last Best Hope of Man?Consider the Source: Abraham Lincoln, Excerpts from "Second Inaugural Address," March 4, 1865 CHAPTER 15Reconstructing America, 1865-1877The Year of Jubilee, 1865African American FamiliesSouthern White People and the Problem of DefeatEmancipation in Comparative PerspectiveShaping Reconstruction, 1865-1868Andrew Johnson's ReconstructionThe Fight over ReconstructionThe Civil War Amendments and American CitizenshipGLOBAL PASSAGES: America the DiverseCongressional ReconstructionReconstruction in the South, 1866-1876African American Life in the Postwar SouthRepublican Governments in the Postwar SouthCotton, Merchants, and the LienThe End of Reconstruction, 1877The Ku Klux Klan and Reconstruction ViolenceNorthern Weariness and Northern ConservatismLegacies of ReconstructionConsider the Source: Alfred Waud: "The First Vote," November 16, 1867 Appendix A: Historical DocumentsAppendix B: Historical Facts and DataGlossaryPhoto CreditsIndex