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• Module 1 Development of practical skills in Biology Module 2 Foundations in Biology Chapter 2 2.1: Microscopy 2.2: Magnification and calibration 2.3: More microscopy 2.4: Eukaryotic cell structure 2.5: The ultrastructure of plant cells 2.6: Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells Chapter 2 Practice questions Chapter 3 Biological Molecules 3.1: Biological elements 3.2: Water 3.3: Carbohydrates 3.4: Testing for carbohydrates 3.5: Lipids 3.6: Structure of proteins 3.7: Types of proteins 3.8: Nucleic acids 3.9: DNA replication and the genetic code 3.10: Protein synthesis 3.11: ATP Chapter 3 Practice questions Chapter 4 Enzymes 4.1: Enzyme action 4.2: Factors affecting enzyme activity 4.3: Enzyme inhibitors 4.4: Cofactors, coenqymes, and prosthetic groups Chapter 4 Practice questions Chapter 5 Plasma membranes 5.1: The structure and function of membranes 5.2: Factors affecting membrane structure 5.3: Diffusion 5.4: Active transport 5.5: Osmosis Chapter 5 Practice questions Chapter 6 Cell division 6.1: The cell cycle 6.2: Mitosis 6.3: Meiosis 6.4: The organisation and specialisation of cells 6.5: Stem cells Chapter 6 Practice questions Module 2 summary Module 2 practice questions Module 3 Exchange and transport Module 3 Introduction Chapter 7 Exchange surfaces and breathing 7.1: Specialised exchange surfaces 7.2: The mammalian gaseous exchange system 7.3: Measuring the process 7.4: Ventilation and gas exchange inother organisms Chapter 7 Practice questions Chapter 8 Transport in animals 8.1: Transport systems in multicellular animals 8.2: Blood vessels 8.3: Blood, tissue fluid, and lymph 8.4: Transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the blood 8.5: The heart Chapter 8 Practice questions Chapter 9 Transport in plants 9.1: Transport systems in dicotyledonous plants 9.2: Water transport in multicellular plants 9.3: Transpiration 9.4: Translocation 9.5: Plant adaptations to water availability Chapter 9 Practice questions Module 3 summary Module 3 practice questions Module 4 Biodiversity, evolution and disease Module 4 introduction Chapter 10 Classification and evolution 10.1: Classification 10.2: The five kingdoms 10.3: Phylogeny 10.4: Evidence for evolution 10.5: Types of variation 10.6: Representing variation graphically 10.7: Adaptations 10.8: Changing population characteristics Chapter 10 practice questions Chapter 11 Biodiversity 11.1: Biodiversity 11.2: Types of sampling 11.3: Sampling techniques 11.4: Calculating biodiversity 11.5: Calculating genetic biodiversity 11.5: Factors affecting biodiversity 11.7: Reasons for maintaining biodiversity 11.8: Methods of maintaining biodiversity Chapter 11 practice questions Chapter 12 Communicable diseases 12.1: Animal and plant pathogens 12.2: Animal and plant diseases 12.3: The transmission of communicable diseases 12.4: Plant defences against pathogens 12.5: Non-specific animal defences against pathogens 12.6: The specific immune system 12.7: Preventing and treating disease Chapter 12 practice questions Module 4 summary Module 4 practice questions Module 5 Communication, homeostasis, and energy Chapter 13 Neuronal communication Chapter 13 Neuronal communication 13.1: Coordination 13.2: Neurones 13.3: Sensory receptors 13.4: Nervous transmission 13.5: Synapses 13.6: Organisation of the nervous system 13.7: Structure and function of the brain 13.8: Reflexes 13.9: Voluntary and involuntary muscles 13.10: Sliding filament model Chapter 13 Practice questions Chapter 14 Hormonal communication 14.1: Hormonal communication 14.2: Structure and function of the pancreas 14.3: Regulation of blood glucose concentration 14.4: Diabetes and its control 14.5: Coordinated responses 14.6: Controlling heart rate Chapter 14 Practice questions Chapter 15 Homeostasis 15.1: The principles of homeostasis 15.2: Thermoregulation in ectotherms 15.3: Thermoregulation in endotherms 15.4: Excretion, homeostasis, and the liver 15.5: The structure and function of the mammalian kidney 15.6: The kidney and osmoregulation 15.7: Urine and diagnosis 15.8: Kidney failure Chapter 15 Practice questions Chapter 16 Plant responses 16.1: Plant hormones and growth in platns 16.2: Plant responses to abiotic stress 16.3: Plant response to herbivory 16.4: Tropisms in plants 16.5: The commercial use of plant hormones Chapter 16 Practice questions Chapter 17 Energy for biological processes 17.1: Energy cycles 17.2: ATP synthesis 17.3: Photosynthesis 17.4: Factors affecting photosynthesis Chapter 17 Practice questions Chapter 18 Respiration 18.1: Glycolysis 18.2: Linking glycolysis and the Krebs cycle 18.3: The Kreb cycle 18.4: Oxidative phosphorylation 18.5: Aerobic respiration 18.6: Respiratory substrates Chapter 18 Practice questions Module 5 summary Module 5 questions Module 6 Genetics, evolution, and ecosystems Chapter 19 Genetics of living systems 19.1: Mutations and variation 19.2: Control of gene expression 19.3: Body plans Chapter 19 Practice questions Chapter 20 Patterns of inheritance and variation 20.1: Variation and inheritance 20.2: Monogenic inheritance 20.3: Dihybrid inheritance 20.4: Phenotypic ratios 20.5: Evolution 20.6: Speciation and artifical selection Chapter 20 Practice questions Chapter 21 Manipulating genomes 21.1: DNA profiling 21.2: DNA sequencing and analysis 21.3: Using DNA sequencing 21.4: Genetic engineering 21.5: Gene technology and ethics Chapter 21 Practice questions Chapter 22 Cloing and biotechnology 22.1: Natural cloning in plants 22.2: Artificial cloning in plants 21.4: Cloning in animals 22.4: Microorganisms and biotechnology 22.5: Microorganisms, medicines, and bioremediation 22.6: Culturing microorganisms in the laboratory 22.7: Culturing microorganisms on an industrial scale 22.8: Using immobilised enzymes Chapter 22 Practice questions Chapter 23 Ecosystems 23.1: Ecosystems 23.2: Biomass transfer through an ecosystem 23.3: Recycling within ecosystems 23.4: Succession 23.5: Measuring the distribution and abundance of organisms Chapter 23 Practice questions Chapter 24 Populations and sustainability 24.1: Population size 24.2: Competition 24.3: PredatorDSprey relationships 24.4: Conservation and preservation 24.5: Sustainability 24.6: Ecosystem management DS Masai mara 24.7: Ecosystem management DS Terai region of Nepal 24.8: Ecosystem management DS Peat bogs 24.9: Environmentally sensitive ecosystems Chapter 24 Practice questions Module 6 summary Module 6 questions

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• Module 1 Development of practical skills in Biology Module 2 Foundations in Biology Chapter 2 2.1: Microscopy 2.2: Magnification and calibration 2.3: More microscopy 2.4: Eukaryotic cell structure 2.5: The ultrastructure of plant cells 2.6: Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells Chapter 2 Practice questions Chapter 3 Biological Molecules 3.1: Biological elements 3.2: Water 3.3: Carbohydrates 3.4: Testing for carbohydrates 3.5: Lipids 3.6: Structure of proteins 3.7: Types of proteins 3.8: Nucleic acids 3.9: DNA replication and the genetic code 3.10: Protein synthesis 3.11: ATP Chapter 3 Practice questions Chapter 4 Enzymes 4.1: Enzyme action 4.2: Factors affecting enzyme activity 4.3: Enzyme inhibitors 4.4: Cofactors, coenqymes, and prosthetic groups Chapter 4 Practice questions Chapter 5 Plasma membranes 5.1: The structure and function of membranes 5.2: Factors affecting membrane structure 5.3: Diffusion 5.4: Active transport 5.5: Osmosis Chapter 5 Practice questions Chapter 6 Cell division 6.1: The cell cycle 6.2: Mitosis 6.3: Meiosis 6.4: The organisation and specialisation of cells 6.5: Stem cells Chapter 6 Practice questions Module 2 summary Module 2 practice questions Module 3 Exchange and transport Module 3 Introduction Chapter 7 Exchange surfaces and breathing 7.1: Specialised exchange surfaces 7.2: The mammalian gaseous exchange system 7.3: Measuring the process 7.4: Ventilation and gas exchange inother organisms Chapter 7 Practice questions Chapter 8 Transport in animals 8.1: Transport systems in multicellular animals 8.2: Blood vessels 8.3: Blood, tissue fluid, and lymph 8.4: Transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the blood 8.5: The heart Chapter 8 Practice questions Chapter 9 Transport in plants 9.1: Transport systems in dicotyledonous plants 9.2: Water transport in multicellular plants 9.3: Transpiration 9.4: Translocation 9.5: Plant adaptations to water availability Chapter 9 Practice questions Module 3 summary Module 3 practice questions Module 4 Biodiversity, evolution and disease Module 4 introduction Chapter 10 Classification and evolution 10.1: Classification 10.2: The five kingdoms 10.3: Phylogeny 10.4: Evidence for evolution 10.5: Types of variation 10.6: Representing variation graphically 10.7: Adaptations 10.8: Changing population characteristics Chapter 10 practice questions Chapter 11 Biodiversity 11.1: Biodiversity 11.2: Types of sampling 11.3: Sampling techniques 11.4: Calculating biodiversity 11.5: Calculating genetic biodiversity 11.5: Factors affecting biodiversity 11.7: Reasons for maintaining biodiversity 11.8: Methods of maintaining biodiversity Chapter 11 practice questions Chapter 12 Communicable diseases 12.1: Animal and plant pathogens 12.2: Animal and plant diseases 12.3: The transmission of communicable diseases 12.4: Plant defences against pathogens 12.5: Non-specific animal defences against pathogens 12.6: The specific immune system 12.7: Preventing and treating disease Chapter 12 practice questions Module 4 summary Module 4 practice questions Module 5 Communication, homeostasis, and energy Chapter 13 Neuronal communication Chapter 13 Neuronal communication 13.1: Coordination 13.2: Neurones 13.3: Sensory receptors 13.4: Nervous transmission 13.5: Synapses 13.6: Organisation of the nervous system 13.7: Structure and function of the brain 13.8: Reflexes 13.9: Voluntary and involuntary muscles 13.10: Sliding filament model Chapter 13 Practice questions Chapter 14 Hormonal communication 14.1: Hormonal communication 14.2: Structure and function of the pancreas 14.3: Regulation of blood glucose concentration 14.4: Diabetes and its control 14.5: Coordinated responses 14.6: Controlling heart rate Chapter 14 Practice questions Chapter 15 Homeostasis 15.1: The principles of homeostasis 15.2: Thermoregulation in ectotherms 15.3: Thermoregulation in endotherms 15.4: Excretion, homeostasis, and the liver 15.5: The structure and function of the mammalian kidney 15.6: The kidney and osmoregulation 15.7: Urine and diagnosis 15.8: Kidney failure Chapter 15 Practice questions Chapter 16 Plant responses 16.1: Plant hormones and growth in platns 16.2: Plant responses to abiotic stress 16.3: Plant response to herbivory 16.4: Tropisms in plants 16.5: The commercial use of plant hormones Chapter 16 Practice questions Chapter 17 Energy for biological processes 17.1: Energy cycles 17.2: ATP synthesis 17.3: Photosynthesis 17.4: Factors affecting photosynthesis Chapter 17 Practice questions Chapter 18 Respiration 18.1: Glycolysis 18.2: Linking glycolysis and the Krebs cycle 18.3: The Kreb cycle 18.4: Oxidative phosphorylation 18.5: Aerobic respiration 18.6: Respiratory substrates Chapter 18 Practice questions Module 5 summary Module 5 questions Module 6 Genetics, evolution, and ecosystems Chapter 19 Genetics of living systems 19.1: Mutations and variation 19.2: Control of gene expression 19.3: Body plans Chapter 19 Practice questions Chapter 20 Patterns of inheritance and variation 20.1: Variation and inheritance 20.2: Monogenic inheritance 20.3: Dihybrid inheritance 20.4: Phenotypic ratios 20.5: Evolution 20.6: Speciation and artifical selection Chapter 20 Practice questions Chapter 21 Manipulating genomes 21.1: DNA profiling 21.2: DNA sequencing and analysis 21.3: Using DNA sequencing 21.4: Genetic engineering 21.5: Gene technology and ethics Chapter 21 Practice questions Chapter 22 Cloing and biotechnology 22.1: Natural cloning in plants 22.2: Artificial cloning in plants 21.4: Cloning in animals 22.4: Microorganisms and biotechnology 22.5: Microorganisms, medicines, and bioremediation 22.6: Culturing microorganisms in the laboratory 22.7: Culturing microorganisms on an industrial scale 22.8: Using immobilised enzymes Chapter 22 Practice questions Chapter 23 Ecosystems 23.1: Ecosystems 23.2: Biomass transfer through an ecosystem 23.3: Recycling within ecosystems 23.4: Succession 23.5: Measuring the distribution and abundance of organisms Chapter 23 Practice questions Chapter 24 Populations and sustainability 24.1: Population size 24.2: Competition 24.3: PredatorDSprey relationships 24.4: Conservation and preservation 24.5: Sustainability 24.6: Ecosystem management DS Masai mara 24.7: Ecosystem management DS Terai region of Nepal 24.8: Ecosystem management DS Peat bogs 24.9: Environmentally sensitive ecosystems Chapter 24 Practice questions Module 6 summary Module 6 questions