Pedro Caro de Sousa joined the European Commission's Legal Service (Competition Team) in 2022, having previously served as a competition expert for the OECD between 2015 and 2021. Before joining the OECD, he worked for Linklaters LLP between 2005 and 2014. He has a DPhil from the University of Oxford and was a lecturer in Law at the University of Reading, as well as a tutorial fellow at King's College London and the University of Oxford. He was also a Visiting Scholar at the European University Institute and an Associate Research Fellow at New York University's School of Law. Pedro is a qualified lawyer in Portugal and a barrister of England and Wales.

• Introduction Part I: Overview of Private Enforcement Systems 1: Private Enforcement at a Glance 2: The Interaction of Public and Private Enforcement Systems Part II: Elements of Private Enforcement Systems 3: Judicial Redress Mechanisms 4: Out-of-court Redress Schemes 5: Claimants and Standing 6: Ensuring the Effectiveness of Redress Schemes 7: Defendants and Liability 8: Establishing an Infringement 9: Territorial Scope of Private Enforcement 10: Rules of Evidence 11: Causation 12: Damages and Their Quantification 13: Economic Methods in Private Competition Enforcement

Pedro Caro de Sousa joined the European Commission's Legal Service (Competition Team) in 2022, having previously served as a competition expert for the OECD between 2015 and 2021. Before joining the OECD, he worked for Linklaters LLP between 2005 and 2014. He has a DPhil from the University of Oxford and was a lecturer in Law at the University of Reading, as well as a tutorial fellow at King's College London and the University of Oxford. He was also a Visiting Scholar at the European University Institute and an Associate Research Fellow at New York University's School of Law. Pedro is a qualified lawyer in Portugal and a barrister of England and Wales.

• Introduction Part I: Overview of Private Enforcement Systems 1: Private Enforcement at a Glance 2: The Interaction of Public and Private Enforcement Systems Part II: Elements of Private Enforcement Systems 3: Judicial Redress Mechanisms 4: Out-of-court Redress Schemes 5: Claimants and Standing 6: Ensuring the Effectiveness of Redress Schemes 7: Defendants and Liability 8: Establishing an Infringement 9: Territorial Scope of Private Enforcement 10: Rules of Evidence 11: Causation 12: Damages and Their Quantification 13: Economic Methods in Private Competition Enforcement

Pedro Caro de Sousa joined the European Commission's Legal Service (Competition Team) in 2022, having previously served as a competition expert for the OECD between 2015 and 2021. Before joining the OECD, he worked for Linklaters LLP between 2005 and 2014. He has a DPhil from the University of Oxford and was a lecturer in Law at the University of Reading, as well as a tutorial fellow at King's College London and the University of Oxford. He was also a Visiting Scholar at the European University Institute and an Associate Research Fellow at New York University's School of Law. Pedro is a qualified lawyer in Portugal and a barrister of England and Wales.

• Introduction Part I: Overview of Private Enforcement Systems 1: Private Enforcement at a Glance 2: The Interaction of Public and Private Enforcement Systems Part II: Elements of Private Enforcement Systems 3: Judicial Redress Mechanisms 4: Out-of-court Redress Schemes 5: Claimants and Standing 6: Ensuring the Effectiveness of Redress Schemes 7: Defendants and Liability 8: Establishing an Infringement 9: Territorial Scope of Private Enforcement 10: Rules of Evidence 11: Causation 12: Damages and Their Quantification 13: Economic Methods in Private Competition Enforcement