Skada, kränkningar och kompensation

Orsakskravet är skadeståndsansvarets mest grundläggande kriterium men också det minst analyserade. Innebörden av kravet har inte specificerats av vare sig lagstiftaren eller domstolarna. Det har inte heller funnits någon samsyn kring kravets innebörd i svensk rättsvetenskap under senare tid. Denna doktorsavhandling undersöker orsakskravets innebörd och position i skadeståndsrätten. Undersökningen visar hur skadeståndsrätten kan beskrivas i termer av korrektiv rättvisa och hur ett sådant rättviseparadigm kan förklara orsakskravets fundamentala roll. Den tidigare dominerande orsaksläran, sine qua non-teorin (eller betingelseläran, ekvivalensläran) undersöks och förkastas som ohållbar. Istället föreslås en orsaksmodell, den empiriska orsaksmodellen, som utgår från skadeståndsrättens individualistiska natur, som kan hantera betingelselärans problem och som tar orsaksbegreppets faktiska karaktär på allvar. I ett appendix behandlas frågan om ansvar för underlåtenhet.

Detta är en ny upplaga av ett standardverk på skadeståndsrättens område som tidigare utkommit i elva upplagor, den senaste 2021. Framställningen är omarbetad med hänsyn till lagändringar och nytillkommen rättspraxis.

Tyngdpunkten ligger på reglerna om person- och sakskada. Boken behandlar utförligt de grundläggande förutsättningarna för skadeståndsansvar, principerna för beräkning av skadeståndet samt förekommande möjligheter till jämkning härav. Särskilda kapitel ägnas de skadetyper som är föremål för specialreglering, däribland trafikskador, arbetsskador, patientskador, produktskador och miljöskador.

Boken är avsedd att nyttjas dels som lärobok vid universitet och högskola, dels som handbok för praktiskt verksamma jurister.

Den så kallade produktansvarslagen föreskriver ett strängare ansvar än vad som följer av de allmänna reglerna i skadeståndslagen – ansvaret är på många punkter strikt. Denna bok ger en översikt av reglerna om produktansvar, d.v.s. ansvar för sådan skada som levererad vara orsakar på en person eller annan egendom än den levererade. En översikt görs även av ansvarsregler i kommersiella standardavtal, av försäkringslösningar av olika slag samt av lagstiftningen rörande produktsäkerhet.

While the right to have one's day in court is a cherished feature of the American democratic system, alarms that the United States is hopelessly litigious and awash in frivolous claims have become ubiquitous. According to this view, litigation wastes precious resources, stifles innovation and productivity, and corrodes our social fabric and the national character. Calls for reform have sought, often successfully, to limit people's access to the court system. Alexandra Lahav's In Praise of Litigation provides a much needed corrective to this flawed perspective, reminding us of the irreplaceable role of litigation in a well-functioning democracy and debunking many of the myths that cloud our understanding of this role. Exploring cases involving freedom of speech, foodborne illness, defective cars, business competition, and more, the book shows that despite its inevitable limitations, litigation empowers citizens to challenge the most powerful public and private interests and hold them accountable for their actions. In Praise of Litigation shows how our court system protects our liberties and enables civil society to flourish, and serves as a powerful reminder of why we need to protect people's access to justice.

One of the most significant trends in the evolution of global tax systems has been the rise from relative obscurity of thin capitalisation rules, which are perceived as anti-avoidance rules. Despite their prevalence, it is unclear whether thin capitalisation rules: (1) attain tax neutrality (specifically, do these rules mitigate the tax-induced cross-border debt bias); and, (2) are effective in both theory and practice. Taxing Multinationals approaches the issue of thin capitalisation from a novel perspective by conceptualising the cross-border debt bias as the 'disease' and thin capitalisation as merely the 'symptom'. The overarching question guiding this book is whether, given the opportunity to start over, the tax-induced cross-border debt bias would be better addressed by retaining thin capitalisation rules in their current form or whether an alternative reform would be more suited to dealing with this 'disease'. Taxing Multinationals: Preventing tax base erosion through the reform of cross-border intercompany deduction is the seventh volume in the Australasian Tax Teachers' Association (ATTA) Doctoral Series.

Torts in New Zealand: Cases and Materials is the principal introductory torts casebook in New Zealand. Now in its sixth edition, this popular textbook has been updated to reflect legislative changes in New Zealand tort law and includes new cases and commentary. The focus of the text is on New Zealand tort law, however it uses many precedents from UK, Canadian and Australian case law to reflect the diverse sources of New Zealand tort law.

After heart disease and cancer, the third leading cause of death in the United States is iatrogenic injury (avoidable injury or infection caused by a healer). Research suggests that avoidable errors claim several hundred thousand lives every year. The principal economic counterforce to such errors, malpractice litigation, has never been a particularly effective deterrent for a host of reasons, with fewer than 3% of negligently injured patients (or their families) receiving any compensation from a doctor or hospital's insurer.Closing Death's Door brings the psychology of decision making together with the law to explore ways to improve patient safety and reduce iatrogenic injury, when neither the healthcare industry itself nor the legal system has made a substantial dent in the problem. Beginning with an unflinching introduction to the problem of patient safety, the authors go on to define iatrogenic injury and its scope, shedding light on the culture and structure of a healthcare industry that has failed to effectively address the problem-and indeed that has influenced legislation to weaken existing legal protections and impede the adoption of potentially promising reforms. Examining the weak points in existing systems with an eye to using law to more effectively bring about improvement, the authors conclude by offering a set of ideas intended to start a conversation that will lead to new legal policies that lower the risk of harm to patients. Closing Death's Door is brought to vivid life by the stories of individuals and groups that have played leading roles in the nation's struggle with iatrogenic injury, and is essential reading for medical and legal professionals, as well as lawmakers and laypeople with an interest in healthcare policy.

Civil wrongs occupy a significant place in private law. They are particularly prominent in tort law, but equally have a place in contract law, property and intellectual property law, unjust enrichment, fiduciary law, and in equity more broadly. Civil wrongs are also a preoccupation of leading general theories of private law, including corrective justice and civil recourse theories. According to these and other theories, the centrality of civil wrongs to civil liability shows that private law is fundamentally concerned with the expression and enforcement of norms of justice appropriate to interpersonal interaction and association. Others, sounding notes of caution or criticism, argue that a preoccupation with wrongs and remedies has meant neglect of other ways in which private law serves justice, and ways in which private law serves values other than justice. This volume comprises original papers written by a wide variety of legal theorists and philosophers exploring the nature of civil wrongs, their place in private law, and their relationship to other forms of wrongdoing.

The law of torts is concerned with what we owe to one another in the way of obligations not to interfere with, or impair, each other's urgent interests as we go about our lives in civil society. The most influential contemporary account of tort law treats tort liability rules as shadow prices. Their role is not to vindicate claimants' own rights and interests, but to induce us to injure one another only when it is economically efficient to do so. The chief competitors to the economic view take tort law's importance to lie primarily in the duties of repair that it imposes on wrongdoers, or in the powers of recourse that it confers on the victims of tortious wrongs. This book argues that tort law's primary obligations address a domain of basic justice and that its rhetoric of reasonableness implies a distinctive morality of mutual right and responsibility. Modern tort law is preoccupied with, and responds to, the special moral significance of harm. That special significance sometimes justifies standards of precaution more stringent than those prescribed by efficiency. This book also examines the regulatory and administrative institutions with which the common law of torts cooperates and competes, treating these as part of a continuum of institutions that instantiate the primary role pursued by modern tort law - that is, to protect our physical integrity and other essential interests from impairment and interference by others, and to do so terms that all those affected might accept as justifiable.

The contributions to this edited volume engage with John Gardner's philosophical work on private law. The content is divided into three parts. The first part gathers contributions on general theoretical issues that bear upon private law. The second part is concerned with Gardner's well-known views on responding to wrongs and the justification of reparative duties - an issue that spans all of private law. The third part turns to theoretical issues within particular areas of private law. Its focus is Gardner's focus: tort law, but it also includes chapters on contract law and equity.The primary aim of Private Law and Practical Reason is to facilitate a critical assessment of the private law thinking of one of the most important legal philosophers of the last fifty years. Gardner's contributions to private law theory are recognised to be amongst the most significant and philosophically rich. This work assembles a group of contributors with diverse theoretical commitments, many of whom have not directly engaged previously with Gardner's work, and is intended to act as a reference point for central debates in private law theory, such as the role of moral duties, the justification of reparative obligations, and, more broadly, the role of reasons in private law.

Reading and interpreting primary legislation is an essential part of any law degree. Get a head start, and add depth to your understanding by using Blackstone's Statutes as a reference material throughout your course.Celebrating over 30 years as the market-leading series, Blackstone's Statutes have an unrivalled tradition of trust and quality. Our expert editors have carefully selected material to help you direct your study and gain an overview of the subject area. Blackstone's Statutes on Contract, Tort & Restitution is edited and designed to help you succeed in your legal studies. Blackstone's Statutes on Contract, Tort & Restitution is: • First choice: most trusted and most popular• Easy to use: find what you need instantly• Lecturer reviewed: the best match for your course• Most comprehensive: everything you need for study and assessments• Unrivalled in reputation: expertly editedDigital formats and resourcesThis edition is available for students and institutions to purchase in a variety of formats, and is supported by online resources.The e-book offers a mobile experience and convenient access along with functionality tools, navigation features, and links that offer extra learning support: www.oxfordtextbooks.co.uk/ebooksThe online resources include video guides to reading and interpreting statutes, web links, exam tips, and an interactive sample Act of Parliament.

The imposition of strict liability in tort law is controversial, and its theoretical foundations are the object of vigorous debate. Why do or should we impose strict liability on employers for the torts committed by their employees, or on a person for the harm caused by their children, animals, activities, or things? In responding to this type of questions, legal actors rely on a wide variety of justifications. Justifying Strict Liability explores, in a comparative perspective, the most significant arguments that are put forward to justify the imposition of strict liability in four legal systems, two common law, England and the United States, and two civil law, France and Italy. These justifications include: risk, accident avoidance, the 'deep pockets' argument, loss-spreading, victim protection, reduction in administrative costs, and individual responsibility. By looking at how these arguments are used across the four legal systems, this book considers a variety of patterns which characterise the reasoning on strict liability. The book also assesses the justificatory weight of the arguments, showing that these can assume varying significance in the four jurisdictions and that such variations reflect different views as to the values and goals which inspire strict liability and tort law more generally. Overall, the book seeks to improve our understanding of strict liability, to shed light on the justifications for its imposition, and to enhance our understanding of the different tort cultures featuring in the four legal systems studied.

Non-instrumentalist private law theory has been dominated by an interpretivist methodology that seeks to understand the concepts, doctrines, and structures of the law in principled terms. This has resulted in the neglect of purely normative analysis and a failure to engage systematically with the methodologies of moral and political philosophy.Wrongs, Harms, and Compensation: Paying for our Mistakes departs from this approach, arguing instead that the justification of tort law is dependent on our underlying moral corrective duties. In this book, Adam Slavny develops a pluralistic account of these duties, which encompasses both wrongful and non-wrongful conduct, complicating the view that torts should be regarded as a coherent set of wrongs. He also places the practice of enforcing corrective duties in a broader context, arguing that it should not be isolated or immune to critiques based on distributive justice, and that our duties are in fact consistent with institutional arrangements other than tort law, including various types of compensation schemes. What emerges is neither a wholesale defence of or attack on tort law, but an insistence that its normative foundations are much more complex, diverse, and malleable than a focus on current legal practices would suggest.

Concentrate Q&A Tort Law guides you through how to structure a successful answer to a legal problem. Whether you are preparing for a seminar, completing assessed work, or in exam conditions, each guide shows you how to break down each question, take your learning further, and score extra marks.The Concentrate Q&A series has been developed in collaboration with hundreds of law students and lecturers across the UK. Each book in this series offers you better support and a greater chance to succeed on your law course than any other Q&A guide.'A sure-fire way to get a 1st class result' - Naomi M, Coventry University'I can't think of better revision support for my study' - Quynh Anh Thi Le, University of Warwick'My grades have dramatically improved since I started using the OUP Q&A guides' - Glen Sylvester, Bournemouth University'My fellow students rave about this book' - Octavia Knapper, Lancaster University'These first class answers will transform you into a first class student' - Ali Mohamed, University of Hertfordshire'The best Q&A books that I've read; the content is exceptional' - Wendy Chinenye Akaigwe, London Metropolitan UniversityTake it online: The 2nd edition is available in paperback, or e-book. Visit www.oup.com/lawrevision/ for multimedia resources to help you with revision and assessment.

The law enables private parties to undo the wrongs committed against them, allowing victims to seek redress. A distinctive kind of justice governs our legal rights of redress, different from the leading corrective justice approaches. Through analysis of this key idea, The Right of Redress helps to make sense of tort, contract, fiduciary law, and unjust enrichment doctrine.When a wrong is remedied, the authorship of that remedy matters. The justice in private law is sensitive to a right holder's authorship, and understanding how solves a number of legal theory puzzles. Many forms of redress are only available with state assistance, and a full account of private law requires an account of the state's responsibility to assist. It also requires an explanation of those cases in which the state declines to assist. Prior accounts have drawn on Kantian principles or a Lockean social contract theory, where The Right of Redress, drawing on public fiduciary theory, develops a distinctive account of the state's role.This book offers a new take on various modern features of the private law landscape, ranging from equity, to damage caps, to arbitration, to corporate claims, to class actions. The Right of Redress thus offers a pathbreaking account of the justice in private law, the political theory that underlies it, and the contemporary features that shape our rights of redress today.

The doctrine of contributory negligence, which is a cornerstone of private law, is very frequently invoked in practice and also raises a host of pressing theoretical issues. This volume provides legal practitioners and scholars with a clear and comprehensive exposition of the legal principles governing contributory negligence alongside an empirically informed analysis of the way in which the doctrine operates in various recurrent factual scenarios. The doctrinal analysis is supplemented by a consideration of the historical antecedents of the relevant principles and their normative underpinnings. Central to the book are six chapters in which the authors provide an introductory overview of the doctrine; and then proceed to consider its scope; when a finding of contributory negligence will be made; the consequences of such a finding; the relationship between the doctrine and other rules; and matters relating to procedure and appeals. A detailed appendix sets out the discounts imposed for contributory negligence in a range of frequently occurring situations. Although the focus is on the position in the United Kingdom, account is also taken of the case law and literature in several other common law jurisdictions.

There is an emerging trend of private claims being brought against parent companies of transnational corporations for their alleged involvement in human rights and environmental abuses committed abroad. These cases form part of an international effort aimed at strengthening responsible business conduct, the success of which depends on the rules governing domestic courts' power to adjudicate disputes. However, in an increasingly globalised environment, the territorial focus of the adjudicative jurisdiction is often contrary to the transnational nature of the business activities.To address this puzzle, Tort Litigation against Transnational Corporations seeks to answer three questions: Firstly, to what extent can English courts, under existing rules, exercise jurisdiction over an English parent company and its foreign subsidiaries as co-defendants? Secondly, is England a suitable forum for deciding transnational human rights claims? And, finally, should the jurisdictional competence of the English courts be broadened through a new connecting factor derived from the 'economic enterprise' theory?While the book is written from the perspective of English law, it also draws on examples of similar claims in other jurisdictions to broaden the discussion. It offers a new angle to the business and human rights discourse by placing the discussion of parent company liability cases in the context of the topical debate about the changing role of private international law in a globalised world.

Principles of Medical Law is the leading practitioner text in its field. Now in its fifth edition, it provides a comprehensive and scholarly account of the common law and statutory provisions governing healthcare provision in England and Wales. It offers an authoritative and account of medical law whilst also seeking to set the law in context and critique its application. The contributors include many of the leading academics and practitioners working in the area of medical law today, who together offer a balanced, reliable, and considered perspective. The clear layout, accessible writing style, extensive referencing, and detailed index make this an indispensable research tool for practitioners and academics alike.

An indispensable source of reference for practitioners and tribunal members, Hamer's Professional Conduct Casebook is the only book to provide comprehensive coverage of case law in the field of professional regulation and discipline. The fourth edition of this long—standing casebook contains ninety chapters in an easy to follow A—Z format, as well as a supplement chapter covering additional cases right up until a month before publication. The book analyses the key cases in a single portable volume, distilling the general principles from the legislative framework and offering lucid, informed summaries that are of great support for practitioners. Key words are included in the margin beside cases to enable the reader to see at a glance the critical features of the case in question. The book covers issues arising during the course of professional conduct proceedings, from absence of the practitioner to evidence, findings of fact, misconduct, impairment and sanction. The book identifies the applicable statutory and non-statutory provisions and guidance on each topic and summarises the leading cases and relevant case law.

In The Laws of Restitution, Robert Stevens shows that there is no unified law of restitution or unjust enrichment. Instead, there are seven or eight different kinds of private law claim, depending on how you count them, which have nothing important in common one with another that have been grouped together by commentators. Few of these claims have anything to do with enrichment, and what is restituted differs between them. Like all private law claims, those gathered here concern (in)justice between individuals, but they have no further unity. Many of them are not based upon an agreement or a wrong, but that negative feature has no utility. "Restitution" or "unjust enrichment' should cease to be discussed as unified areas of law. With close attention to caselaw and legislation, the work identifies and describes the various reasons for "restitution" that any properly constructed system of private law ought to recognise. It explains how the law of restitution relates to, and is bound up with, contract, torts, equity, and property law.

This book of essays champions tort scholarship that puts judges at centre stage: what they do, how they understand their role, the heterogeneous reasons they give for their decisions, and their constitutional responsibility to identify and articulate the 'living' and 'evolving' common law. This is 'reflexive tort scholarship'. Reflexive tort scholars seek dialogue with Bench and Bar. Their approach is very different from the currently fashionable academic search for 'grand theories' that descriptively assert that tort law is fundamentally 'all about one thing', a unifying idea that alone explains and justifies the whole of tort law. This book illustrates the advantages and pay-offs of the reflexive style of scholarship by showing how it illuminates key features of tort law. The first essay contrasts the reflexive approach with the Grand Theory approach, while the second essay identifies a principle of tort law (the 'cooperative principle'), that is latent in the cases and that vindicates the value of collaborative human arrangements. Identifying this principle calls into question, in disputes between commercial parties, the reasoning used to support one of the most entrenched lines of authority in tort law - that based on the famous case of Hedley Byrne v Heller. The final essay deploys the reflexive method to argue that the iconic 'but-for' test of factual causation is inadequate and narrower than the concept actually utilized in the cases. Application of the method also prompts a reassessment of the 'scope of duty' concept and of the appropriate characterisation of the much-discussed decision in SAAMCO. These essays, based on the 2018 Clarendon Law Lectures given at Oxford University, clearly demonstrate the value of scholarship that 'takes the judges seriously'.

Tort Law Concentrate is written and designed to help you succeed. Written by experts and covering all key topics, Concentrate guides go above and beyond, not only consolidating your learning but focusing your revision and maximising your exam performance. Each guide includes revision tips, advice on how to achieve extra marks, and a thorough and focused breakdown of the key topics and cases.Revision guides you can rely on: trusted by lecturers, loved by students... “The Concentrate books are my favourite revision guides as the quality of the information is always more comprehensive than others.” Carly Hatchard, law student, University of Bolton“The Concentrate structure is extremely good, it makes it so much easier to revise ... no key information is left out, it's a great series.” Emma Wainwright, law student, Oxford Brookes University"I have always used OUP revision and Q&A books and genuinely believe they have helped me get better grades" - Anthony Poole, law student, Swansea University"The detail in this revision textbook is phenomenal and is just what is needed to push your exam preparation to the next level" - Stephanie Lomas, law student, University of Central Lancashire"It is a little more in-depth than other revision guides, and also has clear diagrams and teaches ways to obtain extra marks. These features make it unique" - Godwin Tan, law student, University College London"The exam style questions are brilliant and the series is very detailed, prepares you well" - Frances Easton, law student, University of Birmingham"The accompanying website for Concentrate is the most impressive I've come across" - Alice Munnelly, law student, King's College LondonDigital formats and resourcesThe sixth edition is available for students and institutions to purchase in a variety of formats, and is supported by extensive online resources to take your learning further (www.oup.com/lawrevision/).The e-book offers a mobile experience and convenient access along with functionality tools, navigation features, and links that offer extra learning support: www.oxfordtextbooks.co.uk/ebooksThe online resources include:- advice on revision and exam technique from experienced examiner Nigel Foster; - a diagnostic test to help you pinpoint areas to focus your revision on; - interactive glossary and key cases to help you revise key terminology, facts, and principles; - multiple choice questions to test your knowledge; and - outline answers to questions in the book.

This concise, practical manual offers invaluable guidance for both professional and lay use in determination of accidental joint damage. The result of a California study, the original edition won wide acceptance in many other states as well. Practical use of the method has prompted certain modifications concerning terminology and measurements and these improvements have been incorporated into the Second Edition.

This book reviews empirical evidence relating to five major categories of accidents; automobile accidents; medical malpractice; product related accidents; environmental injuries; and workplace injuries.

In this paperback reprint of a book originally published in 1993, Carl Cranor argues that the scientific and statistical criteria usually used to determine whether substances are toxic are too rigorous and time-consuming for evidentiary purposes in tort cases and for regulation. This results in the underregulation of toxic substances and the undercompensation of plaintiffs in tort cases. Cranor proposes that the evidential standards now used should be evaluated with the purposes of the law in mind. The choice of standards is, in effect, a choice between economic costs to society and health costs to individuals. Cranor argues persuasively that justice requires that priority be given to avoiding the latter.

Widely regarded as a standard in the field, G. Edward White's Tort Law in America is a concise and accessible history of the way legal scholars and judges have conceptualized the subject of torts, the reasons why changes in certain rules and doctrines have occured, and the people who brought about these changes. Now in an expanded edition, Tort Law in America contains two new chapters - covering developments in American tort law over the past fifteen years - and a new preface. White approaches his subject from four perspectives: intellectual history, the sociology of knowledge, the phenomenon of professionalization in the late 19th and early 20th centuries in America, and the recurrent concerns of tort law since its emergence as a discreet field. He puts the intellectual history of this unique branch of law into a general picture of philosophy, sociology, and literature in what is not only a major work of legal scholarship but a tour de force for anyone interested in American intellectual history.

In Global Perspectives on Income Taxation Law, Reuven Avi-Yonah, Nicola Sartori, and Omri Marian cover basic, corporate and international tax law from a comparative perspective. The book both supplements readings in US tax law courses and serves as a textbook for a comparative tax law class. The book starts with a theoretical analysis of the field of comparative tax law. It then follows the usual order of topics covered in a basic tax course as taught in most U.S. law schools, and for each topic, the authors highlight possible alternatives or policy choices. The authors frequently consider the U.S. approach as a benchmark, comparing it with approaches used in other countries which form an interesting contrast, or a telling similarity. They consider the multiple purposes of studying comparative tax law: helping to advance successful tax reforms, cultural understanding, political values, legal harmonization, and a better understanding of domestic tax laws.

The book provides scholars, lawyers and law students with a comparative overview of the law of civil liability for injuries arising outside of contract in five major legal systems in the common law and civil law traditions: England, the United States, France, Germany and Italy. The book analyzes a select number of foundational issues that lie at the core of tort law in all the jurisdictions surveyed, and takes them as points of comparison for appreciating commonalities and differences between the common law and the civil law traditions, as well as within these traditions. The analysis covers the structure and context of tort law architectures, the role of negligence and the continuum between fault and strict liability, rules on recovery for personal injuries, non-economic losses and for pure economic losses, tests and approaches to causation, medical malpractice and products liability regimes. As such, the book provides an updated and enriched framework for understanding the rules, the theories, the styles of reasoning and the tort law cultures across the Atlantic.