A Practical Guide to the Interpretation of Cardiopulmonary Exercise Tests

William Kinnear, MD, MRCP, studied at University College London and Westminster Hospital Medical School. After training posts in London and Cambridge, he moved to Nottingham where he was appointed as a consultant respiratory physician in 1993. His interest in respiratory physiology led to a Wellcome travelling fellowship at Erasmus Hospital in Brussels, and he has developed close links with the sport science department at Nottingham Trent University.Dr. Lukas Kalinke, BM, BSc (Hons), MRCP, PGCert, PhD is a consultant respiratory physician who has a long-standing interest in understanding and teaching pathophysiology. He has won numerous awards for his teaching. His PhD was both clinical and laboratory based investigating preinvasive lung squamous cell lesions. He has previously been involved in asthma immunobiology research. His work has been published in Nature Immunology and Science. He has also written review and editorial articles and a book chapter on preinvasive airway lesions.Prof. (Hon) James Hull, MBBS, PhD, FRCP, FACSM, is a consultant respiratory physician and sports pulmonologist. He first became interested in cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET) as an medical undergraduate at St George's Hospital, under the tutelage of the late Prof. Brian Whipp. He has subsequently spent time at UCLA advancing his expertise in the clinical application of CPET. He leads an unexplained breathlessness service utilising CPET in hundreds of patients each year. He has published numerous papers in this field, with most recent focus on how CPET can be used to identify abnormal breathing patterns, using non-linear statistical methods.

• Section 1: Introduction to CPET 1: Why Do A Cardiopulmonary Exercise Test? 2: Pre-Test Assessment 3: Supervising a CPET 4: How to do a CPET Section 2: CPET Parameters 5: Oxygen Uptake 6: Heart Rate 7: Ventilation 8: Carbon Dioxide Output 9: Respiratory Exchange Ratio 10: Oxygen Pulse 11: Ventilatory Equivalents 12: Anaerobic Threshold 13: Respiratory Compensation Point 14: Oxygenation Section 3: Interpretation 15: Presentation of Results 16: Interpretative Strategy 17: Common Clinical Scenarios Section 4: Specialised CPET Applications 18: Athletes 19: Dysfunctional Breathing 20: Long-COVID 21: CPET in Children 22: Preoperative Cardiopulmonary Exercise Testing 23: Exercise Prescription Section 5: Questions 24: Example Exam Questions