Matthew Chrisman is a Reader in Philosophy at the University of Edinburgh. He came to Edinburgh after earning his PhD and MA at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and his BA at Rice University. His research is focused on ethical theory, the philosophy of language, and epistemology. He has published widely in these areas, including articles in the Journal of Philosophy, the Australasian Journal of Philosophy, Oxford Studies in Metaethics, Philosophy and Phenomenological Research, Philosophers' Imprint and Philosophical Studies.

Matthew Chrisman has developed an innovative, sophisticated, and plausible set of views about the meaning of 'ought.' This book is a major contribution in metaethics ... The book is deep and contains many extraordinarily valuable resources. It ought to receive wide attention from metaethicists and other philosophers interested in normativity.

• 1. Introduction ; 1.1. The Ubiquity of 'Ought' ; 1.2. Some Initial Theoretical Cartography ; 1.3. Metanormative Theorizing and the Philosophy of Language ; 1.4. Compositional Semantics, Some Basics ; 1.5. The Word 'Ought' ; 1.6. Plan ; 2. 'Ought's, Obligations, Reasons, and Values ; 2.1. Introduction ; 2.2. Formal Framework and Toy Analysis of 'Ought' ; 2.3. An Initial Ambiguity View ; 2.4. Analyzing 'Ought' in Terms of Reasons ; 2.5. Analyzing 'Ought' in Terms of Values ; 2.6. Conclusion ; 3. A Possible Worlds Semantics for 'Ought' ; 3.1. Introduction ; 3.2. From Modal Logic to Deontic Necessity and Possibility ; 3.3. From Deontic Necessity to a Simple Possible Worlds Semantics for 'Ought' ; 3.4. Some Reasons to Complicate the Analysis ; 3.5. Kratzer's Improvements ; 3.6. Application of Kratzer's Framework to 'Ought' ; 3.7. The Weakness of 'Ought' Compared to 'Must' ; 3.8. Conclusion ; 4. Problems with Possible Worlds ; 4.1. Introduction ; 4.2. The Challenge of Dilemmas ; 4.3. The Challenge of 'Ought-to-Do' ; 4.4. Conclusion ; 5. A New Semantic Rule for 'Ought' ; 5.1. Introduction ; 5.2. Is 'Ought' Polysemous between Agentive and Non-Agentive Readings? ; 5.3. Imperatival Content ; 5.4. A New Semantic Rule for 'Ought' ; 5.5. Conclusion ; 6. Metanormative Debate Renewed ; 6.1. Introduction ; 6.2. Truth Conditions as Ways Reality Could Be ; 6.3. Truth Conditions as What One Ought to Think ; 6.4. Truth Conditions as Positions in a Space of Implications ; 6.5. Conclusion ; 7. Conclusion ; 7.1. Introduction ; 7.2. Should the Metalanguage of Metanormative Theory be Nonnormative? ; 7.3. What about Other Normative and Evaluative Words and Concepts? ; 7.4. Moral Psychology ; 7.5. The Epistemology of Normativity ; 7.6. Conclusion ; Appendix of Proposed Rules ; Bibliography