Image and Environment

Roger M. Downs is head of the Department of Geography at Pennsylvania State University. He received his Ph.D. in geography from the University of Bristol in 1970 and has also taught geography and environmental engineering at Johns Hopkins University. David Stea is professor of geography and planning at Southwest Texas State University and Enrique A. Aragon Distinguished Professor at Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico. He received his Ph.D. in psychology from Stanford University in 1964 and has also taught at the U.S. International University, the University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, UCLA, Clark University, Brown University, and Stanford University. Kenneth E. Boulding (1910-1993) was an internationally known economist. He was the author of several works, including Beasts, Ballads, and Bouldingisms, and the editor of Peace and the War Industry, both available from Transaction.

• FOREWORD BY KENNETH BOULDING, PREFACE, ACKNOWLEDGMENTS, CONTRIBUTORS, I. THEORY, 1. Cognitive Maps and Spatial Behavior: Process and Products, 2. Cognitive Maps in Rats and Men, 3. Notes Toward a Developmental Theory of Spatial Learning, 4. Cognitive Maps in Perception and Thought, II. COGNITIVE REPRESENTATIONS, 5. Psychology and Living Space, 6. Notes on Urban Perception and Knowledge, 7. Differential Cognition of Urban Residents: Effects of Social Scale on Mapping, 8. How Citizens View Two Great Cities: Milan and Rome, 9. Student Views of the World, 10. Designative Perceptions of Macro-Spaces: Concepts, a Methodology, and Applications, III. SPATIAL PREFERENCE, 11. On Mental Maps, IV. THE DEVELOPMENT OF SPATIAL COGNITION, 12. Some Preliminary Observations on Spatial Learning in School Children, 13. The Black Boxes of Jônkôping; Spatial Information and Preference, 14. The Development of Spatial Cognition: A Review, V. GEOGRAPHICAL AND SPATIAL ORIENTATION, 15. Topographical Orientation, 16. Some References to Orientation, VI. COGNITIVE DISTANCE, 17. Emotional and Geographical Phenomena in Psychophysical Research, 18. A Method for Analyzing Distance Concepts of Urban Residents, 19. Urban Cognitive Distance, EPILOGUE, BIBLIOGRAPHY, NAME INDEX, INDEX OF PLACE NAMES, SUBJECT INDEX