Catholic Church and the Holocaust, 1930-1965

Michael Phayer is Professor of History at Marquette University. His two most recent books, Protestant Catholic Women in Nazi Germany and (with Eva Fleischner) Cries in the Night: Women Who Challenged the Holocaust, dealextensively with Catholic-Jewish relations before and during the Shoah.

"This title has been reviewed jointly with Hitler, the war, and the pope, by Ronald Rychlak. John Cornwell's controversial book, Hitler's Pope (CH, Jun'00), serves as the backdrop for these disparate approaches to the question of papal complicity in the Holocaust. Cornwell's condemnation of Pope Pius XII (Eugenio Pacelli) as Hitler's pawn and as an antisemite follows Rolf Hochhuth's 1964 play The Deputy, which condemned the silence of the pope. Both Phayer (history, Marquette Univ.) and Rychlak (Univ. of Mississippi School of Law) criticize Cornwell's attack on the papacy; Phayer crafts a carefully nuanced argument that recognizes the moral ambiguity of any response—including the pope's—to the horror of the Holocaust. Rychlak, an apologist for the Roman Catholic Church, seeks to defend the reputation of Pope Pius XII. Rychlak's publisher, Our Sunday Visitor, is a Catholic press that pledges (on its Web site (http://www.osv.com)) to support the teachings of the Church as proclaimed by the Holy Father. These partisan interests obscure what may have been interesting details about the activity of Pius XII during WW II. The question is whether the failure to act, speak, and object can be interpreted as acts of complicity. Rychlak argues that had Pius XII objected more strenuously, Hitler would have retaliated with even more violence. But could it have gotten any worse inside the gates of the hell of Auschwitz? By highlighting the suffering of German Catholic priests and bishops without giving adequate attention to the particularity of Jewish suffering, Rychlak seems insensitive to the horror suffered by the Jews during the Holocaust. Phayer acknowledges that Pius XII could not have halted the Holocaust, but that he could have done far more—for example, by disseminating information about the genocide, which the Vatican is known to have had. Phayer speculates that while Pius XII could have been more active, the pope's fixation on diplomatic solutions and his obsession with the threat of communism made him inflexible. Phayer insists that the failures and deficiencies of Pius XII's leadership ought not lead to a simplistic condemnation. He looks carefully at the record of the pope as well as those of bishops, the church, and individual Catholics, and concludes that the record is mixed and complex. This reviewer recommends Phayer's text as the appropriate choice for all libraries having an interest in issues relating to the Holocaust. General readers and undergraduates."—P. K. Steinfeld, Buena Vista University , 2001may CHOICE."Phayer insists that the failures and deficiencies of Pius XII's leadership ought not lead to a simplistic condemnation. He looks carefully at the record of the pope as well as those of bishops, the church, and individual Catholics, and concludes that the record is mixed and complex. This reviewer recommends Phayer's text as the appropriate choice for all libraries having an interest in issues relating to the Holocaust. May 2001"—Choice"After a thorough examination of recently-released archival materialMichael Phayer presents much new information and many carefully-considered original interpretations. His book constitutes essential reading for Holocaust specialists and students alike."—Susan Zuccotti, Author, Under His Very Windows: The Vatican and the Holocaust in Italy"Peter HayesTheodore Z. Weiss Professor of Holocaust StudiesNorthwestern University"—"All the more powerfully because of its measured tone and deliberate reasoning, this book demonstrates how Pius XII's anticommunism warped his moral judgment during the 1940s. As a result, he behaved more like Metternich or the CEO of a self—interested corporation than the Vicar of Christ on earth. In wel"—researched, fearless, and devastating fashion, Michael Phayer has illuminated a long, sad record of delusion and

• ContentsIntroduction1. Catholic Attitudes Toward Jews Before the Holocaust2. Genocide before the Holocaust: Poland, 19393. Genocide before the Holocaust: Croatia, 19414. The Holocaust and the Priorities of Pope Pius XII5. In the Eye of the Storm: German Bishops and the Holocaust6. European Bishops and the Holocaust7. Catholic Rescue Efforts during the Holocaust8. Answering for the Holocaust: The United States Confronts Germany9. The Holocaust and the Priorities of Pope Pius XII during the Cold War10. Catholics and Jews after the Holocaust11. The Holocaust Recalled, Antisemitism Renounced: The Second Vatican Council12. EpilogueNotesReferencesIndex