Robert L. Payton (1927-2011) was president of C.W. Post College and Hofstra University, a State Department official, ambassador to Cameroon, head of the Exxon Education Foundation, and was the first director of the Center on Philanthropy at Indiana University. He is author of Philanthropy: Voluntary Action for the Public Good.Michael P. Moody is Assistant Professor in the School of Policy, Planning, and Development at the University of Southern California. He is a cultural sociologist whose work focuses on the theory and practice of philanthropy.

"Payton and Moody's book is an extended argument that philanthropy is an interesting and important subject that deserves to be better understood and to be taken more seriously. Apart from the usual gripe from this side of the Atlantic that the authors also take themselves a little too seriously, it does largely fulfil its stated aim, although UK readers should brace themselves for a relentlessly upbeat approach and repetition of the mystifyingly widespread view that America invented philanthropy. Much of the first half of the book revolves around defining key terms and dissecting the differences between apparent synonyms such as 'charity' and 'philanthropy'. Having successfully cleared a path through the thicket of definitional tangles, the book moves onto meatier questions regarding the rationale for philanthropy's existence, its relationship to other forms of assistance and the practicalities of undertaking philanthropic action. Whilst the authors, being openly pro-philanthropic, are clear that philanthropy is the answer, they do not shy from addressing the obvious retort, 'what is the question?' In a beautiful demonstration of Occam's Razor (the principle which states the best theories are those expressed most succinctly and simply), the authors argue that, "Philanthropy exists because of two truths about the human condition: things often go wrong and things could always be better". The philanthropic tradition is then described as the history of the response to these two facts.... Grand claims are made about the possibilities inherent in philanthropic action, with philanthropy variously described as essential to democracy, the locus of society's moral agenda and "our best hope to make the world better". Yet the authors readily acknowledge the existence of alternative responses when things go wrong and situations need to be improved.... Whilst government and market failure often feature in theories of the voluntary sector – implying that philanthropy is the 'fall-back option' – this book usefully highlights that philanthropic acts have a positive comparative advantage because they are defined by morality, whereas governments are defined by 'power' and business by 'wealth'. Such sweeping generalisations inevitably invite debate; many people enter politics to implement moral ideas and many businesspeople-turned-philanthropists would argue that wealth creation was a necessary precursor to their later generosity..... Whilst this all sounds rather abstract, philanthropists will find much of practical use in a chapter on the practicalities of undertaking philanthropic action that acknowledges the perils of attempting to intervene voluntarily in other people's lives for their benefit..... The need to be good stewards of the philanthropic tradition occupies the entire concluding chapter, which – staying true to the book's title – advocates better understanding of philanthropy as the surest route to defending its essential roles in key democratic tasks such as defining, advocating and achieving the public good, advancing the general welfare and responding when things go wrong. Such seriously ambitious goals perhaps ultimately justify the authors' occasionally serious and self-important tone."—Beth Breeze, Publications Editor , Philanthropy UK Nwsltr, September 2008, Issue 34"This book is the result of an unusual collaboration. Senior author Payton is a former diplomat, university president (Indiana Univ.), and foundation president. He was the founder of the Research Committee of Independent Sector, and later associated with the Indiana University-Purdue University of Indianapolis Center on Philanthropy, so he can be considered the father of the new field of philanthropic studies in the US. Moody, on the other hand, is a recent PhD in cultural sociology (Univ. of Southern California) who is a newcomer to the field. But this unlikely pair has produced a fine volume on the moral meaning and function of philanthropy. Payton has long been an advocate of the moral purposes of philanthropy, and this thoughtful volume makes the case that philanthropy is essential to democratic society. The authors also argue that the subject of philanthropy needs to be incorporated into the collegiate curriculum so that Americans can become more understanding of this crucial element of their political and social heritage. The book is carefully researched and very nicely written. Summing Up: Highly recommended. All levels/libraries."—S. N. Katz, Princeton University, Choice, April 2009"Payton and Moody's book is an extended argument that philanthropy is an interesting and important subject that deserves to be better understood and to be taken more seriously. . . . [The book] advocates better understanding of philanthropy as the surest route to defending its essential roles in key democratic tasks such as defining, advocating and achieving the public good, advancing the general welfare and responding when things go wrong. September 2008"—Beth Breeze, Publications Editor". . . [T]his unlikely pair has produced a fine volume on the moral meaning and function of philanthropy. Payton has long been an advocate of the moral purposes of philanthropy, and this thoughtful volume makes the case that philanthropy is essential to democratic society. The authors also argue that the subject of philanthropy needs to be incorporated into the collegiate curriculum so that Americans can become more understanding of this crucial element of their political and social heritage. The book is carefully researched and very nicely written. Summing Up: Highly recommended. All levels/libraries.April 2009"—Choice". . . Payton and Moody write that scholars and practitioners need to present a more sophisticated explanation of the unique contributions philanthropy makes or should make. And the field needs to be considered 'warts and all': confronting honestly and fairly the bad as well as the good, the failures as well as the successes. March 2009"—Doug Rule, Aspen Institute's Aspen Philanthropy Letter"There is no one in the country better qualified than Bob Payton to write on this subject. He has more experience in the field and a broader and more sophisticated set of perspectives on it than anyone else I can think of. . . . And there's no one else who has a better chance of educating the broader public as well."—J. B. Schneewind, Johns Hopkins University"A bold, thoroughly informed inquiry that challenges readers to think more deeply about the meaning and mission of good works. Written in clear, incisive language, Understanding Philanthropy helps us to understand the multiplicity of philanthropic acts and the fact that we are all affected by them."—Robert Wuthnow, Princeton University"Robert Payton's decades of philanthropic leadership and humanistic reflection and Michael Moody's social science skills and recent research combine to make Understanding Philanthropy a must-read. This wise and well-written book is one of the best recent publications on philanthropy."—Michael O'Neill, University of San Francisco

• Preface and Acknowledgments1. Introduction: Why This Book?2. Voluntary Action for the Public Good3. Because Things Go Wrong: Philanthropy as a Response to the Human Problematic4. The World Can Be Made Better: Philanthropy as Moral Action5. The Social History of the Moral Imagination6. Philanthropy, Democracy, and the FutureNotesSuggestions for Further ReadingIndex

Robert L. Payton (1927-2011) was president of C.W. Post College and Hofstra University, a State Department official, ambassador to Cameroon, head of the Exxon Education Foundation, and was the first director of the Center on Philanthropy at Indiana University. He is author of Philanthropy: Voluntary Action for the Public Good.Michael P. Moody is Assistant Professor in the School of Policy, Planning, and Development at the University of Southern California. He is a cultural sociologist whose work focuses on the theory and practice of philanthropy.

"Payton and Moody's book is an extended argument that philanthropy is an interesting and important subject that deserves to be better understood and to be taken more seriously. Apart from the usual gripe from this side of the Atlantic that the authors also take themselves a little too seriously, it does largely fulfil its stated aim, although UK readers should brace themselves for a relentlessly upbeat approach and repetition of the mystifyingly widespread view that America invented philanthropy. Much of the first half of the book revolves around defining key terms and dissecting the differences between apparent synonyms such as 'charity' and 'philanthropy'. Having successfully cleared a path through the thicket of definitional tangles, the book moves onto meatier questions regarding the rationale for philanthropy's existence, its relationship to other forms of assistance and the practicalities of undertaking philanthropic action. Whilst the authors, being openly pro-philanthropic, are clear that philanthropy is the answer, they do not shy from addressing the obvious retort, 'what is the question?' In a beautiful demonstration of Occam's Razor (the principle which states the best theories are those expressed most succinctly and simply), the authors argue that, "Philanthropy exists because of two truths about the human condition: things often go wrong and things could always be better". The philanthropic tradition is then described as the history of the response to these two facts.... Grand claims are made about the possibilities inherent in philanthropic action, with philanthropy variously described as essential to democracy, the locus of society's moral agenda and "our best hope to make the world better". Yet the authors readily acknowledge the existence of alternative responses when things go wrong and situations need to be improved.... Whilst government and market failure often feature in theories of the voluntary sector – implying that philanthropy is the 'fall-back option' – this book usefully highlights that philanthropic acts have a positive comparative advantage because they are defined by morality, whereas governments are defined by 'power' and business by 'wealth'. Such sweeping generalisations inevitably invite debate; many people enter politics to implement moral ideas and many businesspeople-turned-philanthropists would argue that wealth creation was a necessary precursor to their later generosity..... Whilst this all sounds rather abstract, philanthropists will find much of practical use in a chapter on the practicalities of undertaking philanthropic action that acknowledges the perils of attempting to intervene voluntarily in other people's lives for their benefit..... The need to be good stewards of the philanthropic tradition occupies the entire concluding chapter, which – staying true to the book's title – advocates better understanding of philanthropy as the surest route to defending its essential roles in key democratic tasks such as defining, advocating and achieving the public good, advancing the general welfare and responding when things go wrong. Such seriously ambitious goals perhaps ultimately justify the authors' occasionally serious and self-important tone."—Beth Breeze, Publications Editor , Philanthropy UK Nwsltr, September 2008, Issue 34"This book is the result of an unusual collaboration. Senior author Payton is a former diplomat, university president (Indiana Univ.), and foundation president. He was the founder of the Research Committee of Independent Sector, and later associated with the Indiana University-Purdue University of Indianapolis Center on Philanthropy, so he can be considered the father of the new field of philanthropic studies in the US. Moody, on the other hand, is a recent PhD in cultural sociology (Univ. of Southern California) who is a newcomer to the field. But this unlikely pair has produced a fine volume on the moral meaning and function of philanthropy. Payton has long been an advocate of the moral purposes of philanthropy, and this thoughtful volume makes the case that philanthropy is essential to democratic society. The authors also argue that the subject of philanthropy needs to be incorporated into the collegiate curriculum so that Americans can become more understanding of this crucial element of their political and social heritage. The book is carefully researched and very nicely written. Summing Up: Highly recommended. All levels/libraries."—S. N. Katz, Princeton University, Choice, April 2009"Payton and Moody's book is an extended argument that philanthropy is an interesting and important subject that deserves to be better understood and to be taken more seriously. . . . [The book] advocates better understanding of philanthropy as the surest route to defending its essential roles in key democratic tasks such as defining, advocating and achieving the public good, advancing the general welfare and responding when things go wrong. September 2008"—Beth Breeze, Publications Editor". . . [T]his unlikely pair has produced a fine volume on the moral meaning and function of philanthropy. Payton has long been an advocate of the moral purposes of philanthropy, and this thoughtful volume makes the case that philanthropy is essential to democratic society. The authors also argue that the subject of philanthropy needs to be incorporated into the collegiate curriculum so that Americans can become more understanding of this crucial element of their political and social heritage. The book is carefully researched and very nicely written. Summing Up: Highly recommended. All levels/libraries.April 2009"—Choice". . . Payton and Moody write that scholars and practitioners need to present a more sophisticated explanation of the unique contributions philanthropy makes or should make. And the field needs to be considered 'warts and all': confronting honestly and fairly the bad as well as the good, the failures as well as the successes. March 2009"—Doug Rule, Aspen Institute's Aspen Philanthropy Letter"There is no one in the country better qualified than Bob Payton to write on this subject. He has more experience in the field and a broader and more sophisticated set of perspectives on it than anyone else I can think of. . . . And there's no one else who has a better chance of educating the broader public as well."—J. B. Schneewind, Johns Hopkins University"A bold, thoroughly informed inquiry that challenges readers to think more deeply about the meaning and mission of good works. Written in clear, incisive language, Understanding Philanthropy helps us to understand the multiplicity of philanthropic acts and the fact that we are all affected by them."—Robert Wuthnow, Princeton University"Robert Payton's decades of philanthropic leadership and humanistic reflection and Michael Moody's social science skills and recent research combine to make Understanding Philanthropy a must-read. This wise and well-written book is one of the best recent publications on philanthropy."—Michael O'Neill, University of San Francisco

• Preface and Acknowledgments1. Introduction: Why This Book?2. Voluntary Action for the Public Good3. Because Things Go Wrong: Philanthropy as a Response to the Human Problematic4. The World Can Be Made Better: Philanthropy as Moral Action5. The Social History of the Moral Imagination6. Philanthropy, Democracy, and the FutureNotesSuggestions for Further ReadingIndex