RICHARD GRAHAM is Frances Higginbotham Nalle Centennial Professor of History Emeritus at the University of Texas at Austin. His most recent book is the prize-winning Feeding the City: From Street Market to Liberal Reform in Salvador, Brazil, 1780–1860. He is the author of Patronage and Politics in Nineteenth-Century Brazil; Britain and the Onset of Modernization in Brazil; and several edited books, including The Idea of Race in Latin America, 1870–1940.

"Independence in Latin America is one of the most succinct, accurate, provocative, and comprehensive views on the historical 'big bang' that occurred in the Western world between 1776 and 1830... It would be hard to find, in so few pages, so much information so easily digestible." - Mauricio Tenorio, Professor of History, University of Chicago

• List of IllustrationsAcknowledgmentsIntroductionChapter 1. Colonies in Flux Ruler and RuledTrade with Whom?A Corporate SocietyReligion and the EnlightenmentHaitiChapter 2. Reactions to Change Argentina and UruguayChileComparisonsVenezuelaMexicoCentral AmericaComparisonsPeruBrazilComparisonsChapter 3. Toward War Who Wanted Change?European EventsSpanish American ResponsesChapter 4. The First War of Independence, 1810–1816 ArgentinaUruguayParaguayChileVenezuelaColombiaPeru and BoliviaMexicoBrazilCommonalities and DifferencesChapter 5. The Second War of Independence, 1815–1825 Repercussion of European EventsVenezuela and ColombiaArgentina and UruguayChile, Peru, and BoliviaMexicoCentral AmericaBrazilCommonalities and DifferencesChapter 6. What Changed? The Cost of WarAn Altered Cultural RealitySocial TensionsInstability and the CaudilloInclusion in the World EconomyDocumentsFor Further ReadingChronologyNotesGlossaryIllustration CreditsIndex

RICHARD GRAHAM is Frances Higginbotham Nalle Centennial Professor of History Emeritus at the University of Texas at Austin. His most recent book is the prize-winning Feeding the City: From Street Market to Liberal Reform in Salvador, Brazil, 1780–1860. He is the author of Patronage and Politics in Nineteenth-Century Brazil; Britain and the Onset of Modernization in Brazil; and several edited books, including The Idea of Race in Latin America, 1870–1940.

"Independence in Latin America is one of the most succinct, accurate, provocative, and comprehensive views on the historical 'big bang' that occurred in the Western world between 1776 and 1830... It would be hard to find, in so few pages, so much information so easily digestible." - Mauricio Tenorio, Professor of History, University of Chicago

• List of IllustrationsAcknowledgmentsIntroductionChapter 1. Colonies in Flux Ruler and RuledTrade with Whom?A Corporate SocietyReligion and the EnlightenmentHaitiChapter 2. Reactions to Change Argentina and UruguayChileComparisonsVenezuelaMexicoCentral AmericaComparisonsPeruBrazilComparisonsChapter 3. Toward War Who Wanted Change?European EventsSpanish American ResponsesChapter 4. The First War of Independence, 1810–1816 ArgentinaUruguayParaguayChileVenezuelaColombiaPeru and BoliviaMexicoBrazilCommonalities and DifferencesChapter 5. The Second War of Independence, 1815–1825 Repercussion of European EventsVenezuela and ColombiaArgentina and UruguayChile, Peru, and BoliviaMexicoCentral AmericaBrazilCommonalities and DifferencesChapter 6. What Changed? The Cost of WarAn Altered Cultural RealitySocial TensionsInstability and the CaudilloInclusion in the World EconomyDocumentsFor Further ReadingChronologyNotesGlossaryIllustration CreditsIndex

RICHARD GRAHAM is Frances Higginbotham Nalle Centennial Professor of History Emeritus at the University of Texas at Austin. His most recent book is the prize-winning Feeding the City: From Street Market to Liberal Reform in Salvador, Brazil, 1780–1860. He is the author of Patronage and Politics in Nineteenth-Century Brazil; Britain and the Onset of Modernization in Brazil; and several edited books, including The Idea of Race in Latin America, 1870–1940.

"Independence in Latin America is one of the most succinct, accurate, provocative, and comprehensive views on the historical 'big bang' that occurred in the Western world between 1776 and 1830... It would be hard to find, in so few pages, so much information so easily digestible." - Mauricio Tenorio, Professor of History, University of Chicago

• List of IllustrationsAcknowledgmentsIntroductionChapter 1. Colonies in Flux Ruler and RuledTrade with Whom?A Corporate SocietyReligion and the EnlightenmentHaitiChapter 2. Reactions to Change Argentina and UruguayChileComparisonsVenezuelaMexicoCentral AmericaComparisonsPeruBrazilComparisonsChapter 3. Toward War Who Wanted Change?European EventsSpanish American ResponsesChapter 4. The First War of Independence, 1810–1816 ArgentinaUruguayParaguayChileVenezuelaColombiaPeru and BoliviaMexicoBrazilCommonalities and DifferencesChapter 5. The Second War of Independence, 1815–1825 Repercussion of European EventsVenezuela and ColombiaArgentina and UruguayChile, Peru, and BoliviaMexicoCentral AmericaBrazilCommonalities and DifferencesChapter 6. What Changed? The Cost of WarAn Altered Cultural RealitySocial TensionsInstability and the CaudilloInclusion in the World EconomyDocumentsFor Further ReadingChronologyNotesGlossaryIllustration CreditsIndex