Programming in C

Stephen G. Kochan has been developing software with the C programming language for more than 30 years. He is the author of several best-selling titles on the C language, including Programming in C , Programming in Objective-C , and Topics in C Programming . He has also written extensively on Unix and is the author or coauthor of Exploring the Unix System and Unix Shell Programming .

• Introduction 11 Some Fundamentals 5Programming 5Higher-Level Languages 5Operating Systems 6Compiling Programs 7Integrated Development Environments 10Language Interpreters 102 Compiling and Running Your First Program 11Compiling Your Program 12Running Your Program 12Understanding Your First Program 13Displaying the Values of Variables 15Comments 17Exercises 193 Variables, Data Types, and Arithmetic Expressions 21Understanding Data Types and Constants 21The Integer Type int 22The Floating Number Type float 23The Extended Precision Type double 23The Single Character Type char 24The Boolean Data Type _Bool 24Type Specifiers: long, long long, short, unsigned, and signed 26Working with Variables 29Working with Arithmetic Expressions 30Integer Arithmetic and the Unary Minus Operator 33Combining Operations with Assignment: The Assignment Operators 39Types _Complex and _Imaginary 40Exercises 404 Program Looping 43Triangular Numbers 43The for Statement 44Relational Operators 46Aligning Output 50Program Input 51Nested for Loops 53for Loop Variants 55The while Statement 56The do Statement 60The break Statement 62The continue Statement 62Exercises 635 Making Decisions 65The if Statement 65The if-else Construct 69Compound Relational Tests 72Nested if Statements 74The else if Construct 76The switch Statement 83Boolean Variables 86The Conditional Operator 90Exercises 926 Working with Arrays 95Defining an Array 96Using Array Elements as Counters 100Generating Fibonacci Numbers 103Using an Array to Generate Prime Numbers 104Initializing Arrays 106Character Arrays 108Base Conversion Using Arrays 109The const Qualifier 111Multidimensional Arrays 113Variable Length Arrays 115Exercises 1177 Working with Functions 119Defining a Function 119Arguments and Local Variables 123Function Prototype Declaration 124Automatic Local Variables 124Returning Function Results 126Functions Calling Functions Calling... 130Declaring Return Types and Argument Types 133Checking Function Arguments 135Top-Down Programming 137Functions and Arrays 137Assignment Operators 141Sorting Arrays 143Multidimensional Arrays 146Global Variables 151Automatic and Static Variables 155Recursive Functions 158Exercises 1618 Working with Structures 163The Basics of Structures 163A Structure for Storing the Date 164Using Structures in Expressions 166Functions and Structures 169A Structure for Storing the Time 175Initializing Structures 178Compound Literals 178Arrays of Structures 180Structures Containing Structures 183Structures Containing Arrays 185Structure Variants 189Exercises 1909 Character Strings 193Revisiting the Basics of Strings 193Arrays of Characters 194Variable-Length Character Strings 197Initializing and Displaying Character Strings 199Testing Two Character Strings for Equality 202Inputting Character Strings 204Single-Character Input 206The Null String 211Escape Characters 215More on Constant Strings 217Character Strings, Structures, and Arrays 218A Better Search Method 221Character Operations 226Exercises 22910 Pointers 233Pointers and Indirection 233Defining a Pointer Variable 234Using Pointers in Expressions 237Working with Pointers and Structures 239Structures Containing Pointers 241Linked Lists 243The Keyword const and Pointers 251Pointers and Functions 252Pointers and Arrays 258A Slight Digression About Program Optimization 262Is It an Array or Is It a Pointer? 262Pointers to Character Strings 264Constant Character Strings and Pointers 266The Increment and Decrement Operators Revisited 267Operations on Pointers 271Pointers to Functions 272Pointers and Memory Addresses 273Exercises 27511 Operations on Bits 277The Basics of Bits 277Bit Operators 278The Bitwise AND Operator 279The Bitwise Inclusive-OR Operator 281The Bitwise Exclusive-OR Operator 282The Ones Complement Operator 283The Left Shift Operator 285The Right Shift Operator 286A Shift Function 286Rotating Bits 288Bit Fields 291Exercises 29512 The Preprocessor 297The #define Statement 297Program Extendability 301Program Portability 302More Advanced Types of Definitions 304The # Operator 309The ## Operator 310The #include Statement 311System Include Files 313Conditional Compilation 314The #ifdef, #endif, #else, and #ifndef Statements 314The #if and #elif Preprocessor Statements 316The #undef Statement 317Exercises 31813 Extending Data Types with the Enumerated Data Type, Type Definitions, and Data Type Conversions 319Enumerated Data Types 319The typedef Statement 323Data Type Conversions 325Sign Extension 327Argument Conversion 328Exercises 32914 Working with Larger Programs 331Dividing Your Program into Multiple Files 331Compiling Multiple Source Files from the Command Line 332Communication Between Modules 334External Variables 334Static Versus Extern Variables and Functions 337Using Header Files Effectively 339Other Utilities for Working with Larger Programs 341The make Utility 341The cvs Utility 343Unix Utilities: ar, grep, sed, and so on 34315 Input and Output Operations in C 345Character I/O: getchar() and putchar() 346Formatted I/O: printf() and scanf() 346The printf() Function 346The scanf() Function 353Input and Output Operations with Files 358Redirecting I/O to a File 358End of File 361Special Functions for Working with Files 362The fopen Function 362The getc() and putc() Functions 364The fclose() Function 365The feof Function 367The fprintf() and fscanf() Functions 367The fgets() and fputs() Functions 367stdin, stdout, and stderr 368The exit() Function 369Renaming and Removing Files 370Exercises 37116 Miscellaneous and Advanced Features 373Miscellaneous Language Statements 373The goto Statement 373The null Statement 374Working with Unions 375The Comma Operator 378Type Qualifiers 379The register Qualifier 379The volatile Qualifier 379The restrict Qualifier 379Command-line Arguments 380Dynamic Memory Allocation 384The calloc() and malloc() Functions 385The sizeof Operator 385The free Function 387Exercises 38917 Debugging Programs 391Debugging with the Preprocessor 391Debugging Programs with gdb 397Working with Variables 400Source File Display 401Controlling Program Execution 402Getting a Stack Trace 406Calling Functions and Setting Arrays and Structures 407Getting Help with gdb Commands 408Odds and Ends 41018 Object-Oriented Programming 413What Is an Object Anyway? 413Instances and Methods 414Writing a C Program to Work with Fractions 416Defining an Objective-C Class to Work with Fractions 417Defining a C++ Class to Work with Fractions 421Defining a C# Class to Work with Fractions 424A C Language Summary 427B The Standard C Library 471C Compiling Programs with gcc 495D Common Programming Mistakes 499E Resources 505TOC, 9780321776419, 7/28/2014