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    1. Psykologi och pedagogik
    2. Pedagogik
    3. Undervisning i specifika ämnen

    Literature

    An Introduction to Reading and Writing, Compact Edition

    AvEdgar Roberts,Robert Zweig

    Häftad, Engelska, 2014

    1 647 kr

    Tillfälligt slut

    Beskrivning

    ALERT: Before you purchase, check with your instructor or review your course syllabus to ensure that you select the correct ISBN. Several versions of Pearson's MyLab & Mastering products exist for each title, including customized versions for individual schools, and registrations are not transferable. In addition, you may need a CourseID, provided by your instructor, to register for and use Pearson's MyLab & Mastering products.

     

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    For literature-based Composition II and Introduction to Literature courses.

     

    Literature: An Introduction to Reading and Writing, Compact Sixth Edition is founded on the principles of writing about literature. First, students learn how to engage deeply and critically with a broad selection of stories, poems, and plays. Second, the writing process is carefully and thoroughly integrated into the presentation of all literary genres, elements, and major writers throughout the entire text. Complete coverage of writing about each literary element, “casebooks” that allow for deeper exploration of important writers in each genre, and a total of 53 exemplary student essays and paragraphs with accompanying commentary ensure that students gain a thorough comprehension of the conventions, strategies, and organizational patterns to allow them to think critically about literature and to produce thoughtful and compelling essays, paragraphs, documented research papers, and examination responses.

     

     

    Produktinformation

    • Utgivningsdatum:2014-02-07
    • Mått:163 x 231 x 41 mm
    • Vikt:1 157 g
    • Format:Häftad
    • Språk:Engelska
    • Antal sidor:1 760
    • Upplaga:6
    • Förlag:Pearson Education
    • ISBN:9780321944788

    Utforska kategorier

    • Undervisning i specifika ämnen inom Psykologi och pedagogik

    Mer om författaren

    About Edgar V. Roberts  Edgar V. Roberts, Emeritus Professor of English at Lehman College of The City University of New York, is a native of Minnesota. He graduated from the Minneapolis public schools in 1946, and received his Doctorate from the University of Minnesota in 1960. He taught English at Minnesota, the University of Maryland Overseas Division, Wayne State University, Hunter College, and Lehman College. From 1979 to 1988, He was Chair of the English Department of Lehman College.  He served in the U.S. Army in 1946 and 1947, seeing duty in Arkansas, the Philippine Islands, and Colorado.He published articles about the plays of Henry Fielding, the subject of his Ph.D. dissertation. In 1968 he published a scholarly edition of John Gay's The Beggar's Opera (1728), and in 1969 he published a similar edition of Fielding's The Grub-Street Opera (1731), both with the University of Nebraska Press. He first published Writing About Literature (then named Writing Themes About Literature) in 1964, with Prentice Hall. Since then, this book has undergone twelve separate revisions, for a total of thirteen editions. In 1986, with Henry E. Jacobs of the University of Alabama, he published the first edition of Literature: An Introduction to Reading and Writing. After Professor Jacobs's untimely death in the summer of 1986, Professor Roberts continued working on changes and revisions to keep this text up to date. The Ninth Edition was published early in 2009, with Pearson Longman. The Fourth Compact Edition of Literature: An Introduction to Reading and Writing was published in 2008.  Professor Roberts is an enthusiastic devoté of symphonic music and choral singing, having sung in local church choirs for forty years. Recently he has sung (bass) with the New Choral Society of Scarsdale, New York (where he lives), singing in classic works by Handel, Beethoven, Bruckner, Bach, Orff, Britten, Brahms, and others. He is a fan of both the New York Mets and the New York Yankees. When the two teams play in inter-league games, he is uneasy because he dislikes seeing either team lose. He also likes both the Giants and the Jets. He has been an avid jogger ever since the early 1960s, and he enjoys watching national and international track meets.  Professor Roberts encourages queries, comments, and suggestions from students who have been using any of the various books. Use the following email address: edgar.roberts@verizon.net. About Robert Zweig Robert Zweig is a tenured, full professor at Manhattan Community College of the City University of New York.  He teaches courses in Literature and Writing and for many years was the Intensive Writing Coordinator for the college.He has a doctorate in English Literature from the City University of New York, a Masters from Queens College in creative writing and a bachelor’s degree from Queens College in English literature. Dr. Zweig has numerous peer-reviewed publications in journals, encyclopedias and books. Dr. Zweig is co-author of Literature: An Introduction to Reading and Writing, a bestselling introduction to literature textbook published by Pearson.  His translations of the Italian poet and Nobel Laureate Eugentio Montale appear in this text.  Dr. Zweig has lectured extensively throughout the United States and Italy on Victorian Literature, Poetics and contemporary culture. Some of the American universities he has addressed include Notre Dame, New York University, University of California, Harvard, University of Illinois, University of Delaware, Rutgers University and the Graduate Center of the City University of New York.  He has received several scholarships and awards, including a Mellon Fellowship and the Phi Beta Kappa award for “Outstanding Teaching Skills” as one of the Top Ten Professors at Manhattan Community College.

    Innehållsförteckning

    • ***** NEW SECTIONS ARE INDICATED WITH "(NEW)" AT THE END OF THE LINE.   Detailed Table of Contents  Topical and Thematic Contents                                                                                                Preface                                                                                                                                         PART I  The Process of Reading, Responding to, and Writing About Literature     What Is Literature, and Why Do We Study It?            Types of Literature: The Genres    Reading Literature and Responding to It Actively    GUY DE MAUPASSANT The Necklace    To go to a ball, Mathilde Loisel borrows a necklace from a rich friend, but the evening of her dreams has unforeseen consequences.Reading and Responding in a Computer File or Notebook    Sample Notebook Entries on Maupassant's "The Necklace" Major Stages in Thinking and Writing About Literary Topics: Discovering Ideas, Preparing to Write, Making an Initial Draft of Your Essay, and Completing the EssayWriting Does Not Come Easily–for Anyone    The Goal of Writing: To Show a Process of Thought    Discovering Ideas ("Brainstorming")    Study the Characters in the Work      Determine the Work’s Historical Period and Background    Analyze the Work’s Economic and Social Conditions    Explain the Work’s Major Ideas    Describe the Work’s Artistic Qualities   Explain Any Other Approaches That Seem Important    Preparing to Write   Build Ideas from Your Original Notes    Trace Patterns of Action and Thought    The Need for the Actual Physical Process of Writing    Raise and Answer Your Own QuestionsPut Ideas Together Using a Plus-Minus, Pro-Con, or Either-Or MethodOriginate and Develop Your Thoughts Through Writing   Making an Initial Draft of Your Essay     Base Your Essay on a Central Idea, Argument, or Statement    The Need for a Sound Argument in Essays About Literature    Create a Thesis Sentence as Your Guide to Organization     Begin Each Paragraph with a Topic Sentence     Select Only One Topic–No More–for Each Paragraph    Referring to the Names of Authors   Use Your Topic Sentences as the Arguments for Your Paragraph Development    The Use of Verb Tenses in the Discussion of Literary Works     Develop an Outline as the Means of Organizing Your Essay Basic Writing Types: Paragraphs and Essays    A Paragraph Assignment   Commentary on the Paragraph   Illustrative Student Essay (First Draft):How Setting in "The Necklace" Is Related to the Character of Mathilde      Completing the Essay: Developing and Strengthening Your Essay Through Revision    Make Your Own Arrangement of Details and Ideas     Use Literary Material as Evidence to Support Your Argument     Always Keep to Your Point; Stick to It Tenaciously    Check Your Development and Organization    Try to Be Original     Write with Specific Readers as Your Intended Audience     Use Exact, Comprehensive, and Forceful Language     Illustrative Student Essay (Improved Draft):How Maupassant Uses Setting in "The Necklace" to Show the Character of Mathilde    Commentary on the Essay    Essay Commentaries    A Summary of Guidelines   Writing Topics About the Writing Process    Using Sources Effectively    A Short Guide to the Use of References and Quotations in Essays About Literature   Integrate Passages and Ideas into Your Essay    Distinguish Your Thoughts from Those of Your Author    Integrate Material by Using Quotation Marks     Blend Quotations into Your Own Sentences    Indent Long Quotations and Set Them in Block Format     Use an Ellipsis to Show Omissions    Use Square Brackets to Enclose Words That You Add Within Quotations     Be Careful Not to Overquote    Preserve the Spellings in Your Source       PART II  Reading and Writing About Fiction                                 1   Fiction: An Overview    Modern Fiction    The Short Story    Elements of Fiction I: Verisimilitude and Donnée Elements of Fiction II: Character, Plot, Structure, and Idea or ThemeElements of Fiction III: The Writer’s Tools    Visualizing Fiction: Cartoons, Graphic Narratives, Graphic Novels   Dan Piraro, from Bizarro   •  Art Spiegelman, from Maus (Expanded)STORIES FOR STUDY   INES ARREDONDO The Shunammite                (NEW)A condemned man dreams of escape, freedom, and family A young woman agrees to nurse her dying uncle, but then must face a more difficult decision..AMBROSE BIERCE  An Occurrence at Owl Creek Bridge    A condemned man dreams of escape, freedom, and family.SANDRA CISNEROS   Mericans    As a group of Mexican American children play together, they develop understanding of both their personal and national identities. WILLIAM FAULKNER A Rose for Emily Even seemingly ordinary people hide deep and bizarre mysteries.TIM O’BRIEN  The Things They Carried    During the Vietnam War, American soldiers carry not only their weighty equipment but many memories.Plot: The Motivation and Causality of Fiction  Writing About the Plot of a Story Illustrative Student Essay: Plot in Faulkner's "A Rose for Emily" Commentary on the Essay Using Sources Effectively: Quoting an Author's Work Writing Topics About Plot in Fiction     2   Point of View: The Position or Stance of the Work’s Narrator or Speaker    An Exercise in Point of View: Reporting an Accident    Conditions That Affect Point of View    Point of View and Opinions    Determining a Work’s Point of View    Mingling Points of View    Point of View and Verb Tense    Summary: Guidelines for Points of View    STORIES FOR STUDY RAYMOND CARVER  Cathedral    A husband and wife receive a blind visitor who affects the husband's way of seeing things.SHIRLEY JACKSON  The Lottery    What would it be like if the prize at a community-sponsored lottery were not the cash that people ordinarily hope to win?JOYCE CAROL OATES    Where Are You Going, Where Have You Been    A teenage girl is visited by an aggressive stranger who does not take “no” for an answer.ZZ PACKER  Brownies   What happens at Camp Crescendo after the girls in Laurel’s Brownie Troop decide to attack the girls in Brownie Troop 909?Writing About Point of View   Illustrative Student Essay: Shirley Jackson’s Dramatic Point of View in “The Lottery”   Commentary on the Essay    Using Sources Effectively: Summary   Writing Topics About Point of View       3  Characters: The People in Fiction                  Character Traits    How Authors Disclose Character in Literature     Types of Characters: Round and Flat     Reality and Probability: Verisimilitude    STORIES FOR STUDY ERNEST J. GAINES The Sky Is Gray (NEW)The Sky is Grey: On a trip with his mother, a boy learns about the harshness of life and what it takes to survive.SUSAN GLASPELL  A Jury of Her Peers    In a small farmhouse kitchen early in the twentieth century, the wives of men investigating a murder discover significant evidence that forces them to make an urgent decision. What is the definition of a "brave" man, and does that mean he commands fear or respect?  ZORA NEALE HURSTON Spunk              (NEW)What is the definition of a "brave" man, and does that mean he commands fear or respect? KATHERINE MANSFIELD  Miss Brill    Miss Brill goes to the park for a pleasant afternoon, but she does not find what she was expecting.AMY TAN  Two Kinds    Jing-Mei leads her own kind of life despite the wishes and hopes of her mother. Writing About Character Illustrative Student Essay: The Character of Minnie Wright in Glaspell’s “A Jury of Her Peers” Commentary on the Essay Writing Topics About Character  4   Setting: The Background of Place, Objects, and Culture in Stories                                                               What Is Setting?   The Literary Uses of Setting    STORIES FOR STUDY   JAMES JOYCE  Araby    An introspective boy learns much about himself when he tries to keep a promise.CYNTHIA OZICK   The Shawl    Can a mother in a Nazi concentration camp save her starving and crying baby?EDGAR ALLAN POE   The Cask of Amantillado    A vengeful courtier tempts an enemy with a bottle of fine wine. LESLIE MARMON SILKO   The Man to Send Rain Clouds               (NEW)When a Native American dies, his friends must pose their respect for ancient tribal beliefs with the conventions of contemporary religion. Writing About Setting Illustrative Student Essay: The Interaction of Story and Setting in James Joyce’s “Araby” Commentary on the Essay Writing Topics About Setting    5   Structure: The Organization of Stories          Formal Categories of Structure    Formal and Actual Structure   STORIES FOR STUDY    RALPH ELLISON  Battle Royal    An intelligent black student, filled with hopes and dreams, is treated with monstrous indignity.GERI LIPSCHULTZ Slow Dance of the Heart               (NEW)Mei Ling Teng's long life leading from the Orient to the United States has been filled with the deprivation, agony, and insult of war, but she has also known loveDANIEL OROZCO  Orientation    A new employee is introduced to the rather unusual and surprising situations in the office.EUDORA WELTY   A Worn Path    Phoenix Jackson, a devoted grandmother, walks a worn path on a mission of great love.Writing About Structure in a Story Illustrative Student Essay: The Structure of Eudora Welty’s ”A Worn Path” Commentary on the Essay Writing Topics About Structure  6   Tone and Style: The Words That Convey Attitudes in Fiction         Diction: The Writer’s Choice and Control of Words     Tone, Irony, and Style    Tone, Humor, and Style   STORIES FOR STUDY    KATE CHOPIN  The Story of an Hour   Louise Mallard is shocked and grieved by news that her husband has been killed, but she is in for an even greater shock.DAGOBERTO GILB   Love in L.A.    In L.A., people often meet each other under the most unusual and improbable circumstances.ERNEST HEMINGWAY  Hills Like White ElephantsWhile waiting for a train, a man and woman reluctantly discuss an urgent situation.FRANK O’CONNOR  First Confession   Jackie as a young man tells about his first childhood experience with confession.JOHN UPDIKE  A & P    As a checkout clerk at the A & P near the local beaches, Sammy experiences the consequences of a difficult choice. Writing About Tone and Style Illustrative Student Essay: Frank O’Connor’s Control of Tone and Style in “First Confession"Commentary on the Essay    Writing Topics About Tone and Style       7   Symbolism and Allegory: Keys to Extended Meaning    Symbolism    Allegory    Fable, Parable, and Myth    Allusion in Symbolism and Allegory     STORIES FOR STUDY   AESOP The Fox and the Grapes    What do people think about things that they can’t have?ANONYMOUS  The Myth of Atalanta    In ancient times, how could a superior woman maintain power and integrity?  ANITA SCOTT COLEMAN   Unfinished Masterpieces             (NEW)How do we judge whether people have lived up to their fullest potential, and what effects the way people develop over their lives?NATHANIEL HAWTHORNE  Young Goodman Brown   In colonial Salem, Goodman Brown has a bewildering experience that changes his outlook on life.LUKE  The Parable of the Prodigal Son    Is there any limit to what a person can do to make divine forgiveness impossible?KATHERINE ANNE PORTER  The Jilting of Granny Weatherall    As the end nears, Granny Weatherall has her memories and is surrounded by her loving adult children.JOHN STEINBECK  The Chrysanthemums    As a housewife on a small ranch, Elisa Allen experiences changes to her sense of self-worth.Writing About Symbolism and Allegory     Illustrative Student Essay (Symbolism): Symbols of Light and Darkness in Porter’s “The Jilting of Granny Weatherall”      Commentary on the Essay About Symbolism   Second Illustrative Student Essay (Allegory): The Allegory of Hawthorne’s “Young Goodman Brown”     Commentary on the Essay About Allegory    Writing Topics About Symbolism and Allegory      8   Idea or Theme: The Meaning and the Message in Fiction    Ideas and Assertions   Ideas and Issues   Ideas and Values   The Place of Ideas in Literature   How to Find Ideas   STORIES FOR STUDY     MARGARET ATWOOD    Happy Endings            (NEW)How accurately does the word "happy" fit any of these endings, and why?TONI CADE BAMBARA  The Lesson    When a group of children visits a toy store for the wealthy, some of them draw conclusions about society and themselves.D. H. LAWRENCE  The Horse Dealer’s Daughter    Dr. Jack Fergusson and Mabel Pervin find, in each other’s love, a new reason for being.AMÉRICO PAREDES  The Hammon and the Beans    Is American liberty restricted to people of only one group, or is it for everyone?Writing About a Major Idea in Fiction    Illustrative Student Essay: D. H. Lawrence’s “The Horse Dealer’s Daughter” as an Expression of the Idea that Loving Commitment Is Essential in Life    Commentary on the Essay    Writing Topics About Ideas        9     A Casebook of Four Stories by Edgar Allan Poe with Critical Readings for Research                  Poe’s Life and Career    Poe’s Work as a Journalist and Writer of Fiction    Poe’s Reputation    Bibliographic Sources    Writing Topics About Poe    FOUR STORIES BY EDGAR ALLAN POE (CHRONOLOGICALLY ARRANGED)   The Fall of the House of Usher (1839)    The Masque of the Red Death (1842)    The Black Cat (1843) The Tell-Tale Heart (1843/1850)             (NEW)Edited Selections from Criticism of Poe’s Stories    1. Poe’s Irony     •  2. The Narrators of “The Cask of Amontillado” and “The Fall of the House of Usher”    •  3. “The Fall of the House of Usher”     •  4. “The Black Cat” and  “The Tell-Tale Heart”     •  5. “The Masque of the Red Death”     •  6. Symbolism in “The Masque of the Red Death”     •  7. “The Masque of the Red Death” as Representative of a “Diseased Age”      •  8. Sources and Analogues of “The Cask of Amontillado”     •  9. Poe’s Idea of Unity and “The Fall of the House of Usher”     •  10. The Narrators of “The Cask of Amontillado” and “The Black Cat”     •  11. Poe, Women, and “The Fall of the House of Usher”     •  12. The Deceptive Narrator of “The Black Cat”       10   Collection of Stories for Additional Enjoyment and Study         WILLIAM FAULKNER   Barn Burning   A young country boy grows in awareness, conscience, and individuality despite his hostile father.CHARLOTTE PERKINS GILMAN  The Yellow Wallpaper    Who is the woman who is trying to emerge from behind the yellow wallpaper? JAMAICA  KINCAID   Girl             (NEW)Despite the "generation gap," a mother tries to teach her daughter how to behave properlyFLANNERY O'CONNOR A Good Man Is Hard to Find    “The grandmother didn’t want to go to Florida. She wanted to visit some of her connections in east Tennessee. . . .”ALICE WALKER  Everyday Use    Mrs. Johnson, with her daughter Maggie, is visited by her citified daughter Dee, whose return home is accompanied by surprises.    10A  Writing a Research Essay on Fiction                Selecting a Topic    Setting Up a Working Bibliography    Locating Sources     Searching the Internet    Evaluating Sources (box)    Searching Library Resources    Important Considerations About Computer-Aided Research (box)   Reviewing the Bibliographies in Major Critical Studies on Your Topic     Consulting Bibliographical GuidesGaining Access to Books and Articles Through Databases   Taking Notes and Paraphrasing Material   Taking Complete and Accurate Notes    Plagiarism: An Embarrassing but Vital Subject—and a Danger to be           Overcome  (box)    Being Creative and Original While Doing Research    Documenting Your Work    Integrating and Attributing Your Sources (BOX)    Strategies for Organizing Ideas in Your Research Essay     Illustrative Student Essay Using Research: The Structure of Katherine Mansfield’s “Miss     Brill”    Commentary on the Essay     Using Sources Effectively: Paraphrasing to Avoid Plagiarism    Writing Topics About How to Undertake a Research Essay           PART III  Reading and Writing About Poetry     11   Meeting Poetry: An Overview                            The Nature of Poetry   BILLY COLLINS  Schoolsville    LISEL MUELLER  Hope   ROBERT HERRICK  Here a Pretty Baby Lies    Poetry of the English Language    How to Read a Poem    Studying Poetry    Anonymous  Sir Patrick Spens    POEMS FOR STUDY     GWENDOLYN BROOKS  The Mother    EMILY DICKINSON  Because I Could Not Stop for Death    RITA DOVE The House Slave             (NEW)ROBERT FRANCIS  Catch    ROBERT FROST  Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening    THOMAS HARDY  The Man He Killed    JOY HARJO  Eagle Poem    RANDALL JARRELL  The Death of the Ball Turret Gunner    BEN JONSON  On My First Daughter    KENNETH KOCH Variations on a Theme by William Carlos Williams             (NEW)LOUIS MACNEICE  Snow    MAGUS MAGNUS An Old Soldier Cleans His Rifle for the Last Time             (NEW)JIM NORTHRUP  Ogichidag    NAOMI SHIHAB NYE  Where Children Live    LOUIS SIMPSON American Poetry             (NEW)WILLIAM SHAKESPEARE  Sonnet 55: Not Marble, Nor the Gilded Monuments    ELAINE TERRANOVA  Rush Hour    WILLIAM CARLOS WILLIAMS This Is Just to Say             (NEW)WILLIAM WORDSWORTH   Lines Composed a Few Miles Above Tintern Abbey    Writing a Paraphrase of a Poem (Paragraph Length)    Illustrative Student Paraphrase: A Paraphrase of Thomas Hardy’s “The Man He Killed”        Commentary on the Paraphrase      Writing an Explication of a Poem (Essay Length)    Illustrative Student Essay: An Explication of Thomas Hardy’s “ Man He Killed”    Commentary on the Essay   Using Sources Effectively: Paraphrasing to Set the Stage for Analysis    Writing Topics About the Nature of Poetry       12 Words: The Building Blocks of Poetry    Choice of Diction: Specific and Concrete, General and Abstract    Levels of Diction    Special Types of Diction     Syntax    Decorum: The Matching of Subject and Word (BOX) Denotation and Connotation    ROBERT GRAVES  The Naked and the Nude    POEMS FOR STUDY     JOHN ASHBERY   The Cathedral Is             (NEW)CHARLES BEAUDELAIRE Exotic Perfumes             (NEW)WILLIAM BLAKE The Lamb    LEWIS CARROLL  Jabberwocky    HAYDEN CARRUTH  An Apology for Using the Word “Heart” in Too Many Poems    ROBERT CREELEY   I Know a Man             (NEW)E. E. CUMMINGS  next to of course god america I    JOHN DONNE  Holy Sonnet 14: Batter My Heart, Three-Personed God    A. E. HOUSMAN  To an Athlete Dying Young             (NEW)CAROLYN KIZER  Night Sounds     DENISE LEVERTOV  Of Being   GERI LIPSCHULTZ   In the Beginning of the End             (NEW)JUDITH ORTIZ COFER  Latin Women Pray    EDWIN ARLINGTON ROBINSON  Richard Cory   THEODORE ROETHKE  Dolor   KAY RYAN  Crib     STEPHEN SPENDER I Think Continually of Those Who Were Truly Great    WALLACE STEVENS  Disillusionment of Ten O’Clock    MARK STRAND  Eating Poetry    NATASHA TRETHEWEY  White Lies            (NEW)WILLIAM WORDSWORTH  Daffodils (I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud)   PAUL ZIMMER  The Day Zimmer Lost Religion    Writing About Diction and Syntax in Poetry   Illustrative Student Essay: Diction and Character in Robinson’s “Richard Cory”   Commentary on the Essay    Using Sources Effectively: Summarizing to Provide Necessary Background    Writing Topics About the Words of Poetry       13   IMAGERY: THE POEM’S LINK TO THE SENSES   Responses and the Writer’s Use of Detail    The Relationship of Imagery to Ideas and Attitudes    Types of Imagery    JOHN MASEFIELD   Cargoes   WILFRED OWEN   Anthem for Doomed Youth    ELIZABETH BISHOP The Fish     POEMS FOR STUDY   ELIZABETH BARRETT BROWNING  Sonnets from the Portuguese, Number 14: If Thou Must Love Me    SAMUEL TAYLOR COLERIDGE  Kubla Khan     T. S. ELIOT Preludes   LOUISE ERDRICH    Indian Boarding School: The Runaways    SUSAN GRIFFIN  Love Should Grow Up Like a Wild Iris in the Fields   THOMAS HARDY  Channel Firing   H. D. (HILDA DOOLITTLE)   Heat             (NEW)GEORGE HERBERT  The Pulley    GERARD MANLEY HOPKINS  Spring     ROBINSON JEFFERS   Hurt Hawks             (NEW)DENISE LEVERTOV  A Time Past   AMY LOWELL The Taxi             (NEW)THOMAS LUX  The Voice You Hear When You Read Silently     MARIANNE MOORE The Fish   PABLO NERUDA  Every Day You Play     EDGAR ALLAN POE   To Helen             (NEW)EZRA POUND In a Station of the Metro    BENJAMIN ALIRE SÁENZ To the Desert              (NEW)WILLIAM SHAKESPEARE  Sonnet 13: My Mistress’ Eyes Are Nothing Like the Sun     CHARLES SIMIC   Fork             (NEW)JAMES TATE  Dream On   DAVID WOJAHN  “It’s Only Rock and Roll, but I Like It”: The Fall of Saigon   Writing About Imagery   Illustrative Student Essay: Imagery in Masefield's "Cargoes"    Commentary on the Essay    Writing Topics About Imagery in Poetry       14   FIGURES OF SPEECH, OR METAPHORICAL LANGUAGE: A SOURCE OF DEPTH AND RANGE IN POETRY   Metaphors and Similes: The Major Figures of Speech     Characteristics of Metaphorical Language   JOHN KEATS  On First Looking into Chapman’s Homer    Vehicle and Tenor    Other Figures of Speech     JOHN KEATS Bright Star     POEMS FOR STUDY     WILLIAM BLAKE  The Tyger    ROBERT BURNS  A Red, Red Rose   JOHN DONNE  A Valediction: Forbidding Mourning    ALAN DUGAN   Untitled Poem II            (NEW)FEDERICO GARCÍA LORCA   Sonnet of the Sweet Complaint             (NEW)John Gay   Let Us take the Road   THOMAS HARDY The Convergence of the Twain    JOY HARJO  Remember   JOHN KEATS To Autumn    JANE KENYON  Let Evening Come     JUDITH MINTY  Conjoined   OGDEN NASH   Exit, Pursued by a Bear                 (NEW)PABLO NERUDA If You Forget Me   MARY OLIVER   Showing the Birds    MARGE PIERCY  A Work of Artifice    MARGUERITE RIVAS   Pilgrimage             (NEW)MURIEL RUKEYSER  Looking at Each Other   WILLIAM SHAKESPEARE  Sonnet 18: Shall I Compare Thee to a Summer’s Day?     WILLIAM SHAKESPEARE  Sonnet 30: When to the Sessions of Sweet Silent Thought    ALFRED, LORD TENNYSON   Break, Break, Break             (NEW)ELIZABETH TUDOR, QUEEN ELIZABETH I  On Monsieur’s Departure     MONA VAN DUYN Earth Tremors Felt in Missouri    DIANE WAKOSKI    Inside Out              (NEW)WALT WHITMAN  Facing West from California’s Shores   WILLIAM WORDSWORTH  London, 1802   SIR THOMAS WYATT  I Find No Peace   Writing Topics About Figures of Speech    Illustrative Student Paragraph: Wordsworth’s Use of Overstatement in “London, 1802”    Commentary on the Paragraph    Illustrative Student Essay: A Study of Shakespeare’s Metaphors in Sonnet 30: “When to the Sessions of Sweet Silent Thought”     Commentary on the Essay    Writing Topics About Figures of Speech in Poetry         15   TONE: THE CREATION OF ATTITUDE IN POETRY       Tone, Choice, and Response   CORNELIUS WHUR  The First-Rate Wife   Tone and the Need for Control WILFRED OWEN  Dulce et Decorum Est     Tone and Common Grounds of Assent      Tone in Conversation and Poetry   Tone and Irony    THOMAS HARDY  The Workbox     Tone and Satire   ALEXANDER POPE  Epigram from the French   ALEXANDER POPE  Epigram, Engraved on the Collar of a Dog Which I Gave to His Royal Highness   POEMS FOR STUDY     W. H. AUDEN   The Unknown Citizen    WILLIAM BLAKE On Another’s Sorrow    JIMMY CARTER I Wanted to Share My Father’s World    LUCILLE CLIFTON homage to my hips   BILLY COLLINS  The Names   COUNTEE CULLEN   Yet Do I Marvel             (NEW)E. E. CUMMINGS  she being Brand / -new   MARTIN ESPADA   Bully    MARI EVANS I Am a Black Woman     SEAMUS HEANEY Mid-Term Break     WILLIAM ERNEST HENLEY  When You Are Old     DAVID IGNATOW  The Bagel            (NEW)YUSEF KOMUNYAKAA  Facing It             (NEW)ABRAHAM LINCOLN  My Childhood’s Home     CHRISTOPHER OKIGBO   Bright             (NEW)SHARON OLDS  The Planned Child    ARTHUR O'SHAUGHNESSY   A Love Symphony             (NEW)ROBERT PINSKY  Dying     SALVATORE QUASÍMODO  Auschwitz     THEODORE ROETHKE  My Papa’s Waltz   WILLIAM SHAKESPEARE   Fear No More the Heat o' th' Sun    CATHY SONG      Lost Sister   C. K. WILLIAMS  Dimensions    WILLIAM WORDSWORTH The Solitary Reaper    JAMES WRIGHT    Autumn Begins in Martins Ferry, Ohio             (NEW)JAMES WRIGHT   Two Hangovers              (NEW)  WILLIAM BUTLER YEATS  When You Are Old    Writing About Tone in Poetry     Illustrative Student Essay: The Speaker’s Attitudes in Sharon Olds’s “The Planned Child”    Commentary on the Essay    Writing Topics About Tone in Poetry       16   FORM: THE SHAPE OF POEMS                                    Closed-Form Poetry   ALFRED, LORD TENNYSON  The Eagle   ANONYMOUS  Spun in High, Dark Clouds     WILLIAM SHAKESPEARE  Sonnet 116: Let Me Not to the Marriage of True Minds     Open-Form Poetry   WALT WHITMAN   When I Heard the Learn’d Astronomer             (NEW)Visualizing Poetry: Poetry and Artistic Expression: Visual Poetry, Concrete Poetry, and Prose Poems   E. E. CUMMINGS  Buffalo Bill’s Defunct     WILLIAM HEYEN  Mantle     MAY SWENSON  Women     CAROLYN FORCHÉ  The Colonel   POEMS FOR STUDY    JOHN BERRYMAN   Dream Song 14             (NEW)ELIZABETH BISHOP  One Art    ELIZABETH BISHOP  Sestina             (NEW)BILLY COLLINS  Sonnet    JOHN DRYDEN  To the Memory of Mr. Oldham    LAWRENCE FERLINGHETTI, Constantly Risking Absurdity             (NEW)ROBERT FROST Desert Places    ALLEN GINSBERG  A Supermarket in California     GEORGE HERBERT  Virtue    BEN JONSON    To Celia             (NEW)JOHN KEATS  Ode to a Nightingale    YUSEF KOMUNYAKAA    Grenade    CLAUDE McKAY  In Bondage     JOHN MILTON On His Blindness (When I Consider How My Light Is Spent)    DUDLEY RANDALL  Ballad of Birmingham    THEODORE ROETHKE  The Waking    PERCY BYSSHE SHELLEY  Ozymandias     DYLAN THOMAS Do Not Go Gentle into That Good Night    JEAN TOOMER  Reapers    PHYLLIS WEBB  Poetics Against the Angel of Death     WALT WHITMAN    Reconciliation            (NEW)WILLIAM CARLOS WILLIAMS  The Dance     Writing About Form in Poetry     Illustrative Student Essay: Form and Meaning in George Herbert’s “Virtue”   Commentary on the Essay     Writing Topics About Poetic Form       17   SYMBOLISM AND ALLUSION: WINDOWS TO WIDE EXPANSES OF MEANING    Symbolism and Meanings   VIRGINIA SCOTT  Snow    The Function of Symbolism in Poetry    Allusions and Meaning    Studying for Symbols and Allusions    POEMS FOR STUDY    AMIRI BARAKA   Legacy             (NEW)EMILY BRONTË  No Coward Soul Is Mine      MARILYN CHIN   Autumn Leaves             (NEW)LUCILLE CLIFTON   cutting greens             (NEW)ARTHUR HUGH CLOUGH  Say Not the Struggle Nought Availeth     JOHN DONNE  The Canonization    STEPHEN DUNN  Hawk     ISABELLA GARDNER  Collage of Echoes    DAN GEORGAKIS  Hiroshima Crewman     THOMAS HARDY  In Time of “The Breaking of Nations”    GEORGE HERBERT  The Collar      ROBINSON JEFFERS  The Purse-Seine     JOHN KEATS  La Belle Dame Sans Merci: A Ballad     X. J. KENNEDY  Old Men Pitching Horseshoes     ANDREW MARVELL   To His Coy Mistress   CAROL MUSKE DUKES   Real Estate              (NEW)MARY OLIVER   Wild Geese    KAY RYAN   We're Building the Ship as We Sail It    GARY SNYDER   Milton by Firelight    JUDITH VIORST   A Wedding Sonnet for the Next Generation    WALT WHITMAN   A Noiseless Patient Spider    RICHARD WILBUR   Year's End    WILLIAM BUTLER YEATS   The Second Coming    Writing About Symbolism and Allusion in Poetry    Illustrative Student Essay: Symbolism in Oliver's "Wild Geese"    Commentary on the Essay    Writing Topics About Symbolism and Allusion in Poetry       18    FOUR MAJOR AMERICAN POETS: EMILY DICKINSON,  ROBERT FROST, LANGSTON HUGHES,  AND SYLVIA PLATH    EMILY DICKINSON’S Life and Work    Topics for Writing About the Poetry of Emily Dickinson     POEMS BY EMILY DICKINSON (ALPHABETICALLY ARRANGED)     A Narrow Fellow in the Grass(J986, F1096)             (NEW)After Great Pain, a Formal Feeling Comes (J341, F372)     Because I Could Not Stop for Death (J712, F479) (Included in Chapter 11, p.   )The Bustle in a House (J1078, F1108)     "Faith" Is a Fine Invention (J185, F202)             (NEW)I Cannot Live with You (J640, F706)      I Died for Beauty – But Was Scarce (J449, F448)      I Dwell in Possibility (F466, J657)      I Felt a Funeral in My Brain (J280, F340)      I Heard a Fly Buzz – When I Died (J465, F591)      I Like to See It Lap the Miles (J585, F383)      I’m Nobody! Who Are You? (J288, F260)     I Never Lost as Much but Twice (J49, F39)     I Taste a Liquor Never Brewed (J214, F207)     Much Madness Is Divinest Sense (J435, F620)      My Life Closed Twice Before Its Close (J1732, F1773)     One Need Not Be a Chamber – To Be Haunted (J670, F407)    Safe in Their Alabaster Chambers (J216, F124)      Some Keep the Sabbath Going to Church (J324, F236)      The Soul Selects Her Own Society (J303, F409)     Success Is Counted Sweetest (J67, F112)     Tell All the Truth but Tell It Slant (J1129, F1263)     There Is No Frigate Like a Book (J1263, F1286)             (NEW)There’s a Certain Slant of Light (J258, F320)     Triumph May Be of Several Kinds (J455, F680)     ¿ ¿Wild Nights – Wild Nights! (J249, F269)      Edited Selections from Criticism of Dickinson’s Poems      1. From “Orthodox Modernisms”     2. From “The Landscape of the Spirit”       3. From “The American Plain Style”      4. From “The Histrionic Imagination”     5. From  “The Gothic Mode”    ROBERT FROST’S LIFE AND WORK     Writing Topics About the Poetry of Robert Frost      POEMS BY ROBERT FROST (CHRONOLOGICALLY ARRANGED)      In White (1912)             (NEW)Mending Wall (1914)     After Apple-Picking (1915)             (NEW)Birches (1915)      The Road Not Taken (1915)     ”Out, Out—” (1916)     The Oven Bird (1916)     Fire and Ice (1920)     Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening (1923) (In Chapter 11, p.   )Nothing Gold Can Stay (1923)     Acquainted with the Night (1928)      Desert Places (1936) (In Chapter 16, p.   )Design (1936)      The Silken Tent (1936)    The Gift Outright (1941)      LANGSTON HUGHES’S LIFE AND WORK      Writing Topics About the Poetry of Langston Hughes     POEMS by LANGSTON HUGHES (ALPHABETICALLY  ARRANGED)    Bad Man               (NEW)Ballad of the Landlord    Dead in There     Dream Boogie             (NEW)Dream Variations      Harlem    I, Too             (NEW)Let America Be America Again      Negro    The Negro Speaks of Rivers    125th Street    Po’ Boy Blues    Subway Rush Hour    Theme for English B      The Weary Blues    SYLVIA PLATH’S LIFE AND WORK      Writing Topics About the Poetry of Sylvia Plath    POEMS BY SYLVIA PLATH (ALPHABETICALLY ARRANGED)      Ariel     The Colossus      Cut    Daddy    Edge    The Hanging Man      Lady Lazarus    Last Words    Metaphors     Mirror     The Rival    Song for a Summer’s Day      Tulips         19   COLLECTION OF POEMS FOR ADDITIONAL STUDY AND ENJOYMENT    Ai (FLORENCE ANTHONY) Conversation      ANNA AKHMATOVA  Willow     SHERMAN ALEXIE On the Amtrak from Boston to New York City   AGHA SHAHID ALI   Postcard from Kashmir             (NEW)JULIA ALVAREZ Woman’s Work              (NEW)MAYA ANGELOU  Still I Rise       ANONYMOUS (NAVAJO)  Healing Prayer from the Beautyway Chant      MATTHEW ARNOLD   Dover Beach       MARGARET ATWOOD  You fit into me                (NEW)W. H. AUDEN   Musée des Beaux Arts        LOUISE BOGAN  Women      JORGE LUIS BORGES  The Art of Poetry      ANNE BRADSTREET   The Author to Her Book             (NEW)ANNE BRADSTREET  To My Dear and Loving Husband     EMILY BRONTE  Love and Friendship      GWENDOLYN BROOKS  We Real Cool     ROBERT BROWNING  My Last Duchess    ELIZABETH BARRETT BROWNING  Sonnets from the Portuguese: Number 43,  How Do I Love Thee      GEORGE GORDON, LORD BYRON  She Walks in Beauty     BILLY COLLINS  Days     STEPHEN CRANE  Do Not Weep, Maiden, for War Is Kind     E. E. CUMMINGS    anyone lived in a pretty how town             (NEW)E. E. CUMMINGS  if there are any heavens      JOHN DONNE  Holy Sonnet 10: Death Be Not Proud     RITA DOVE Daystar                (NEW)SIR EDWARD DYER   My Mind to Me a Kingdom Is             (NEW)BOB DYLAN The Times They Are a-Changin'             (NEW)T. S. ELIOT  The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock      MARTíN ESPADA    Latin Night at the Pawnshop               (NEW) RHINA ESPAILLAT Bilingual/Bilingue             (NEW)CHIEF DAN GEORGE  The Beauty of the Trees     NIKKI GIOVANNI  Poetry    DANIEL HALPERN  Snapshot of Hué     THOMAS HARDY  The Ruined Maid     FRANCES E. W. HARPER  She’s Free!      ROBERT HASS  Spring Rain      ROBERT HAYDEN  Those Winter Sundays      ROBERT HERRICK   Corinna's Going A-Maying             (NEW)JANET HOLMES   Cinquains for Rocky                (NEW)A. D. HOPE  Advice to Young Ladies      GERARD MANLEY HOPKINS  Pied Beauty     A. E. HOUSMAN    When I was one-and-twenty             (NEW)ROBINSON JEFFERS  The Answer      DONALD JUSTICE  On the Death of Friends in Childhood    DONALD JUSTICE   Order in the Streets                  (NEW)JOHN KEATS  Ode on a Grecian Urn      GALWAY KINNELL  After Making Love  We Hear Footsteps     YAHIA LABABIDI  What Do Animals Dream?     PHILLIP LARKIN   Talking in Bed             (NEW)LI-YOUNG LEE  A Final Thing     AUDRE LORDE   Now That I am Forever with Child             (NEW)AMY LOWELL  Patterns    MAGUS MAGNUS    Antaeus/Anchises                  (NEW)EDNA ST. VINCENT MILLAY     Travel             (NEW)EDNA ST. VINCENT MILLAY  What Lips My Lips Have Kissed, and Where, and Why      N. SCOTT MOMADAY  The Bear      HOWARD NEMEROV  Life Cycle of Common Man     JIM NORTHRUP  wahbegan    SHARON OLDS    The Moment the Two Worlds Meet               (NEW) SIMON ORTIZ  A Story of How a Wall Stands      DOROTHY PARKER    Afternoon             (NEW)DOROTHY PARKER  Résumé      LINDA PASTAN  Marks      MARGE PIERCY  The Secretary Chant     EDGAR ALLAN POE  Annabel Lee     EDGAR ALLAN POE  The Raven      EZRA POUND   A Girl             (NEW)ADRIENNE RICH   Aunt Jennifer’s Tigers             (NEW)ADRIENNE RICH   Living in Sin             (NEW)ALBERTO RÍOS  The Vietnam Wall      LUIS OMAR SALINAS  In a Farmhouse      CARL SANDBURG  Chicago    SIEGFRIED SASSOON  Dreamers      BRENDA SEROTTE  My Mother’s Face      ANNE SEXTON   Cinderella              (NEW)WILLIAM SHAKESPEARE  Sonnet 29: When in Disgrace with Fortune and Men’s Eyes      KARL SHAPIRO  Auto Wreck      STEVIE SMITH  Not Waving but Drowning      GARY SOTO   Mexicans Begin Jogging             (NEW)GARY SOTO  Oranges      WILLIAM STAFFORD  Traveling Through the Dark      WALLACE STEVENS  The Emperor of Ice-Cream      MAY SWENSON  Question      DYLAN THOMAS  A Refusal to Mourn the Death, by Fire, of a Child in London      JOHN UPDIKE  Perfection Wasted      ALICE WALKER  Revolutionary Petunias      PHILLIS WHEATLEY  On Being Brought from Africa to America  WALT WHITMAN  Beat! Beat! Drums!     WALT WHITMAN  Full of Life Now      WALT WHITMAN  I Hear America Singing      RICHARD WILBUR  Love Calls Us to the Things of This World      WILLIAM CARLOS WILLIAMS  The Red Wheelbarrow          19A   WRITING A RESEARCH ESSAY ON POETRY   Topics to Discover in Research      Illustrative Student Essay Written with the Aid of Research: “Beat! Beat! Drums!” and “I Hear America Singing”: Two Whitman Poems Spanning the Civil War     Commentary on the Essay      Using Sources Effectively: Quoting Texts to Illustrate Your Point     PART IV    READING AND WRITING ABOUT DRAMA    20 THE DRAMATIC VISION: AN OVERVIEW   Drama as Literature    Performance: The Unique Aspect of Drama     Drama from Ancient Times to Our Own: Tragedy, Comedy, and Additional Forms   ANONYMOUS  The Visit to the Sepulcher (Visitatio Sepulchri)   Visualizing Plays: Imagining Dramatic Scenes and Actions    PLAYS FOR STUDY   SUSAN GLASPELL  Trifles    In a small farmhouse kitchen early in the twentieth century, the wives of men investigating a murder discover significant evidence that forces them to make an urgent decision.DAVID HENRY HWANG Trying to find Chinatown           (NEW)Two young men meet in New York City and engage in a surprising dialogue about racial identity.JANE MARTIN  Beauty     As Carla and Bethany talk together, they go through a transformational experience. EUGENE O’NEILL  Before Breakfast   What happens to people facing disappointment, anger, alienation, and lost hope?Writing About the Elements of Drama    Referring to Plays and Parts of Plays   Illustrative Student Essay: Eugene O’Neill’s Use of Negative Descriptions and Stage Directions in Before Breakfast as a Means of Revealing Character   Commentary on the Essay   Using Sources Effectively: Paraphrasing to Make Sure Readers Understand the Work  Writing Topics About the Elements of Drama      21 THE TRAGIC VISION: AFFIRMATION THROUGH LOSS   The Origins of Tragedy   The Ancient Athenian Competitions in Tragedy    The Origin of Tragedy in Brief   Aristotle and the Nature of Tragedy   Aristotle’s View of Tragedy in Brief   Irony in Tragedy   The Ancient Athenian Audience and Theater    Ancient Greek Tragic Actors and Their Costumes   Performance and the Formal Organization of Greek Tragedy   PLAYS FOR STUDY   SOPHOCLES  Oedipus The King  A woman must choose between her family obligations and loyalty to the state.Renaissance Drama and Shakespeare’s Theater    WILLIAM SHAKESPEARE  The Tragedy of Hamlet, Prince of Denmark   An initial act of evil is like an infestation.Tragedy from Shakespeare to Arthur Miller     Death of a Salesman: Tragedy, Symbolism, and Broken Dreams   ARTHUR MILLER  Death of a Salesman     With all his hopes unfulfilled, Willy Loman still clings to his dreams.Writing About Tragedy      Illustrative Student Essay: The Problem of Hamlet’s Apparent Delay   Commentary on the Essay   Using Sources Effectively: Quoting Texts to Illustrate Your Key Point   Writing Topics About Tragedy       22   THE COMIC VISION: RESTORING THE BALANCE   The Origins of Comedy   Comedy from Roman Times to the Renaissance   The Patterns, Characters, and Language of Comedy   Types of Comedy    PLAYS FOR STUDY   WILLIAM SHAKESPEARE  A Midsummer Night’s Dream     The problems of lovers are resolved through the magic of the natural world, not through custom and law.ANTON CHEKHOV  The Bear, A Joke in One Act     A bachelor and a widow meet and immediately berate each other, but their lives are about to undergo great change.PAUL DOOLEY and WINNIE HOLZMAN   Post-its (Notes on a Marriage)            (NEW)A married couple enjoy a comic but cryptic mode of communication. EDWIN SÁNCHEZ   Pops   ¿/i>         (NEW)A young Hispanic man finds sweet, humorous way to memorialize his lost father. Comedy Since Shakespeare  Writing About Comedy   Illustrative Student Essay: Setting as Symbol and Comic Structure in Shakespeare’s A Midsummer Night’s Dream     Commentary on the Essay   Writing Topics About Comedy      23   VISIONS OF DRAMATIC REALITY AND NONREALITY: VARYING THE IDEA OF DRAMA AS IMITATIONRealism and Nonrealism in Drama    Elements of Realistic and Nonrealistic Drama   PLAYS FOR STUDY  Langston Hughes Biography   Hughes and the African American Theater After 1920   Hughes’s Career as a Dramatist   Mulatto and the Reality of the Southern Black Experience     LANGSTON HUGHES  Mulatto   On a Southern plantation in the 1930s, a young man tries to assert his rights, but there are those who will not grant him any rights at all.EDWARD BOK LEE  El Santo Americano             (NEW)A professional wrestler tries to forge a better life for himself and his family.TENNESSEE WILLIAMS The Glass Menagerie  Tom would like to escape the memory of his home life, in which he finds only confusion and entrapment. August Wilson Biography     The Background of Fences  AUGUST WILSON  Fences     Troy Maxson, who as a young athlete could knock baseballs over fences, has led a life enclosed by other fences.Writing About Realistic and Nonrealistic Drama     Illustrative Student Essay: Realism and Nonrealism in Tom’s Triple Role in The Glass Menagerie   Commentary on the Essay   Writing Topics About Dramatic Reality and Nonreality         24  HENRIK IBSEN AND THE REALISTIC PROBLEM PLAY: A DOLLHOUSE   Ibsen’s Life and Early Work     Ibsen’s Major Prose Plays   A Dollhouse: Ibsen’s Best-Known Problem Play    Ibsen’s Symbolism in A Dollhouse   A Dollhouse as a “Well-Made Play”     The Timeliness and Dramatic Power of A Dollhouse   Bibliographic Studies     HENRIK IBSEN  A Dollhouse (Et Dukkehjem)   In their seemingly perfect household, Nora and Torvald discover the severe differences between them.Edited Selections from Criticism of Ibsen’s A Dollhouse and Other Plays   1. Freedom, Truth, and Society—Rhetoric and Reality     2. Ibsen’s Feminist Characters   3. A Marxist Approach to A Dollhouse      24A   WRITING A RESEARCH ESSAY ON DRAMA   Topics to Discover in Research     Illustrative Student Essay Written with the Aid of Research: “The Ghost in Hamlet”   Commentary on the Essay   Using Sources Effectively: Summarizing Sources Lends Authority to Your Argument      PART V   Special Writing Topics About Literature25   CRITICAL APPROACHES IMPORTANT TO THE STUDY OF LITERATURE   Moral/Intellectual   Topical/Historical   New Critical/Formalist   Structuralist   Feminist Criticism/Gender Studies/Queer Theory   Economic Determinist/Marxist   Psychological/Psychoanalytic   Archetypal/Symbolic/Mythic   Deconstructionist   Reader-Response      26   THREE TYPES OF WRITING ABOUT LITERATURE    1. Comparison-Contrast and Extended Comparison-Contrast   Guidelines for the Comparison-Contrast Method   The Extended Comparison-Contrast Essay   Citing References in a Longer Comparison-Contrast Essay   Writing a Comparison-Contrast Essay   Illustrative Student Essay (Two Works): The Treatment of Responses to War in Amy Lowell’s “Patterns” and Wilfred Owen’s “Anthem for Doomed Youth”  Commentary on the Essay   Illustrative Student Essay (Extended Comparison-Contrast): Literary Treatments of the Conflicts Between Private and Public Life   Commentary on the Essay   2. Reader-Response: How a Reader's Reactions Lead Toward Interpretation   Important Elements of a Reader-Response Essay    Illustrative Student Essay (Reader-Response): Opposite Personal Responses to W. H. Auden’s “Musée des Beaux Arts,”    Commentary on the Essay   Writing Topics for Reader-Response   3. Argument: The Use of Persuasive Reasoning  Defining an Argument Essay   Important Elements of an Argument Essay   Illustrative Student Essay (Argument): Sammy’s Decision to Become an Adult    Commentary on the Essay   Writing Topics for Literary Argument    27   TAKING EXAMINATIONS ON LITERATURE     Answer the Questions That Are Asked   Systematic Preparation   Two Basic Types of Questions About Literature      Appendixes    I. Dramatic Vision on Film: From the Silver Screen to the World of Digital Fantasy  II. MLA Recommendations for Documenting Sources  A Glossary of Important Literary Terms  Credits   Index of Authors. Titles, and First Lines