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• SECTION 1 EMBRYOLOGY1.1 Amphioxus and Human Embryo at 16 Days1.2 Differentiation of Somites into Myotomes, Sclerotomes, and Dermatomes1.3 Progressive Stages in Formation of Vertebral Column, Dermatomes, and Myotomes; Mesenchymal Precartilage Primordia of Axial and Appendicular Skeletons at 5 Weeks1.4 Fate of Body, Costal Process, and Neural Arch Components of Vertebral Column, with Sites and Time of Appearance of Ossification Centers1.5 First and Second Cervical Vertebrae at Birth; Development of Sternum1.6 Early Development of Skull1.7 Skeleton of Full-Term Newborn1.8 Changes in Position of Limbs Before Birth; Precartilage Mesenchymal Cell Concentrations of Appendicular Skeleton at 6 Weeks1.9 Changes in Ventral Dermatome Pattern During Limb Development1.10 Initial Bone Formation in Mesenchyme; Early Stages of Flat Bone Formation1.11 Secondary Osteon (Haversian System)1.12 Growth and Ossification of Long Bones1.13 Growth in Width of a Bone and Osteon Remodeling1.14 Remodeling: Maintenance of Basic Form and Proportions of Bone during Growth1.15 Development of Three Types of Synovial Joints1.16 Segmental Distribution of Myotomes in Fetus of 6 Weeks; Developing Skeletal Muscles at 8 Weeks1.17 Development of Skeletal Muscle Fibers1.18 Cross Sections of Body at 6 to 7 Weeks1.19 Prenatal Development of Perineal Musculature1.20 Origins and Innervations of Pharyngeal Arch and Somite Myotome Muscles1.21 Branchiomeric and Adjacent Myotomic Muscles at BirthSECTION 2 PHYSIOLOGY2.1 Microscopic Appearance of Skeletal Muscle Fibers2.2 Organization of Skeletal Muscle2.3 Intrinsic Blood and Nerve Supply of Skeletal Muscle2.4 Composition and Structure of Myofilaments2.5 Muscle Contraction and Relaxation2.6 Biochemical Mechanics of Muscle Contraction2.7 Sarcoplasmic Reticulum and Initiation of Muscle Contraction2.8 Initiation of Muscle Contraction by Electric Impulse and Calcium Movement2.9 Motor Unit2.10 Structure of Neuromuscular Junction2.11 Physiology of Neuromuscular Junction2.12 Pharmacology of Neuromuscular Transmission2.13 Physiology of Muscle Contraction2.14 Energy Metabolism of Muscle2.15 Muscle Fiber Types2.16 Growth Plate: Structure, Physiology, and Pathophysiology2.17 Growth Plate: Structure, Physiology, and Pathophysiology (Continued)2.18 Growth Plate: Structure and Blood Supply2.19 Growth Plate: Peripheral Fibrocartilaginous Element2.20 Composition and Structure of Cartilage2.21 Bone Cells and Bone Deposition2.22 Composition of Bone2.23 Structure of Cortical (Compact) Bone2.24 Structure of Trabecular Bone2.25 Formation and Composition of Collagen2.26 Formation and Composition of Proteoglycan2.27 Structure and Function of Synovial Membrane2.28 Histology of Connective Tissue2.29 Bone Homeostasis: Dynamics2.30 Bone Homeostasis: Regulation of Calcium and Phosphate Metabolism2.31 Effects of Bone Formation and Bone Resorption on Skeletal Mass2.32 Four Mechanisms of Bone Mass Regulation2.33 Normal Calcium and Phosphate Metabolism2.34 Nutritional Calcium Deficiency2.35 Effects of Disuse and Stress (Weight Bearing) on Bone Mass2.36 Musculoskeletal Effects of Weightlessness (Space Flight)2.37 Bone Architecture and Remodeling in Relation to Stress2.38 Stress-Generated Electric Potentials in Bone2.39 Bioelectric Potentials in Bone2.40 Age-Related Changes in Bone Geometry2.41 Age-Related Changes in Bone Geometry (Continued)SECTION 3 METABOLIC DISEASES3.1 Parathyroid Hormone3.2 Primary Hyperparathyroidism: Pathophysiology3.3 Primary Hyperparathyroidism: Clinical Manifestations3.4 Differential Diagnosis of Hypercalcemic States3.5 Hypoparathyroidism: Pathologic Physiology3.6 Chronic Hypoparathyroidism: Clinical Manifestations3.7 Hypocalcemia: Clinical Manifestations3.8 Pseudohypoparathyroidism3.9 Mechanism of Parathyroid Hormone Activity on End Organ3.10 Mechanism of Parathyroid Hormone Activity on End Organ: Cyclic AMP Response to PTH3.11 Clinical Guide to Parathyroid Hormone Assay3.12 Clinical Guide to Parathyroid Hormone Assay (Continued)3.13 Childhood Rickets3.14 Adult Osteomalacia3.15 Nutritional Deficiency: Rickets and Osteomalacia3.16 Vitamin D-Resistant Rickets and Osteomalacia Due to Proximal Renal Tubular Defects (Hypophosphatemic Rachitic Syndromes)3.17 Vitamin D-Resistant Rickets and Osteomalacia Due to Proximal and Distal Renal Tubular Defects3.18 Vitamin D-Dependent (Pseudodeficiency) Rickets and Osteomalacia3.19 Vitamin D-Resistant Rickets and Osteomalacia Due to Renal Tubular Acidosis3.20 Metabolic Aberrations of Renal Osteodystrophy3.21 Rickets, Osteomalacia, and Renal Osteodystrophy3.22 Bony Manifestations of Renal Osteodystrophy3.23 Vascular and Soft Tissue Calcification in Secondary Hyperparathyroidism of Chronic Renal Disease3.24 Clinical Guide to Vitamin D Measurement3.25 Hypophosphatasia3.26 Osteoporosis: Risk Factors3.27 Osteoporosis: Involutional3.28 Osteoporosis: Clinical Manifestations3.29 Osteoporosis: Progressive Spinal Deformity3.30 Radiology of Osteopenia: Classification3.31 Radiology of Osteopenia: Imaging3.32 Radiology of Osteopenia: DXA3.33 Transiliac Bone Biopsy3.34 Treatment of Complications of Spinal Osteoporosis3.35 Treatment of Osteoporosis: Medications3.36 Treatment of Osteoporosis: Functional Domains of Bisphosphonate Chemical Structure3.37 Treatment of Osteoporosis: Inhibition of FPP Synthase3.38 Osteogenesis Imperfecta Type I3.39 Osteogenesis Imperfecta Type III3.40 Marfan Syndrome3.41 Marfan Syndrome (Continued)3.42 Ehlers-Danlos Syndromes3.43 Ehlers-Danlos Syndromes (Continued)3.44 Osteopetrosis (Albers-Schönberg Disease)3.45 Paget Disease of Bone3.46 Paget Disease of Bone (Continued)3.47 Pathophysiology and Treatment of Paget Disease of Bone3.48 Fibrodysplasia Ossificans ProgressivaSECTION 4 CONGENITAL AND DEVELOPMENTAL DISORDERSDwarfism4.1 Achondroplasia: Clinical Manifestations4.2 Achondroplasia: Clinical Manifestations (Continued)4.3 Achondroplasia: Clinical Manifestations of Spine4.4 Achondroplasia: Diagnostic Testing4.5 Hypochondroplasia4.6 Diastrophic Dwarfism4.7 Pseudoachondroplasia4.8 Metaphyseal Chondrodysplasia, McKusick Type4.9 Metaphyseal Chondrodysplasia, Schmid Type4.10 Chondrodysplasia Punctata4.11 Chondroectodermal Dysplasia (Ellis-van Creveld Syndrome), Grebe Chondrodysplasia, and Acromesomelic Dysplasia4.12 Multiple Epiphyseal Dysplasia, Fairbank Type4.13 Pycnodysostosis (Pyknodysostosis)4.14 Camptomelic (Campomelic) Dysplasia4.15 Spondyloepiphyseal Dysplasia Tarda and Spondyloepiphyseal Dysplasia Congenita4.16 Spondylocostal Dysostosis and Dyggve-MelchiorClausen Dysplasia4.17 Kniest Dysplasia4.18 Mucopolysaccharidoses4.19 Principles of Treatment of Skeletal DysplasiasNeurofibromatosis4.20 Diagnostic Criteria and Cutaneous Lesions in Neurofibromatosis4.21 Cutaneous Lesions in Neurofibromatosis4.22 Spinal Deformities in Neurofibromatosis4.23 Bone Overgrowth and Erosion in NeurofibromatosisOther4.24 Arthrogryposis Multiplex Congenita4.25 Fibrodysplasia Ossificans Progressiva and Progressive Diaphyseal Dysplasia4.26 Osteopetrosis and Osteopoikilosis4.27 Melorheostosis4.28 Congenital Elevation of Scapula, Absence of Clavicle, and Pseudarthrosis of Clavicle4.29 Madelung Deformity4.30 Congenital Bowing of the Tibia4.31 Congenital Pseudoarthrosis of the Tibia and Dislocation of the KneeLeg-Length Discrepancy4.32 Clinical Manifestations4.33 Evaluation of Leg-Length Discrepancy4.34 Charts for Timing Growth Arrest and Determining Amount of Limb Lengthening to Achieve Limb-Length Equality at Maturity4.35 Growth Arrest4.36 Ilizarov and De Bastiani Techniques for Limb LengtheningCongenital Limb Malformation4.37 Growth Factors4.38 Foot Prehensility in Amelia4.39 Failure of Formation of Parts: Transverse Arrest4.40 Failure of Formation of Parts: Transverse Arrest (Continued)4.41 Failure of Formation of Parts: Transverse Arrest (Continued)4.42 Failure of Formation of Parts: Transverse Arrest (Continued)4.43 Failure of Formation of Parts: Transverse Arrest (Continued)4.44 Failure of Formation of Parts: Transverse Arrest (Continued)4.45 Failure of Formation of Parts: Transverse Arrest (Continued)4.46 Failure of Formation of Parts: Longitudinal Arrest4.47 Failure of Formation of Parts: Longitudinal Arrest (Continued)4.48 Failure of Formation of Parts: Longitudinal Arrest (Continued)4.49 Failure of Formation of Parts: Longitudinal Arrest (Continued)4.50 Duplication of Parts, Overgrowth, and Congenital Constriction Band SyndromeSECTION 5 RHEUMATIC DISEASESRheumatic Diseases5.1 Joint Pathology in Rheumatoid Arthritis5.2 Early and Moderate Hand Involvement in Rheumatoid Arthritis5.3 Advanced Hand Involvement in Rheumatoid Arthritis5.4 Foot Involvement in Rheumatoid Arthritis5.5 Knee, Shoulder, and Hip Joint Involvement in Rheumatoid Arthritis5.6 Extraarticular Manifestations in Rheumatoid Arthritis5.7 Extraarticular Manifestations in Rheumatoid Arthritis (Continued)5.8 Immunologic Features in Rheumatoid Arthritis5.9 Variable Clinical Course of Adult Rheumatoid ArthritisTreatment of Rheumatoid Arthritis5.10 Exercises for Upper Extremities5.11 Exercises for Shoulders and Lower Extremities5.12 Surgical Management in Rheumatoid ArthritisSynovial Fluid Examination5.13 Techniques for Aspiration of Joint Fluid5.14 Synovial Fluid Examination5.15 Synovial Fluid Examination (Continued)Juvenile Arthritis5.16 Systemic Juvenile Arthritis5.17 Systemic Juvenile Arthritis (Continued)5.18 Hand Involvement in Juvenile Arthritis5.19 Lower Limb Involvement in Juvenile Arthritis5.20 Ocular Manifestations in Juvenile Arthritis5.21 Sequelae of Juvenile ArthritisOsteoarthritis5.22 Distribution of Joint Involvement in Osteoarthritis5.23 Clinical Findings in Osteoarthritis5.24 Clinical Findings in Osteoarthritis (Continued)5.25 Hand Involvement in Osteoarthritis5.26 Hip Joint Involvement in Osteoarthritis5.27 Degenerative Changes5.28 Spine Involvement in OsteoarthritisOther5.29 Ankylosing Spondylitis5.30 Ankylosing Spondylitis (Continued)5.31 Degenerative Changes in the Cervical Vertebrae5.32 Psoriatic Arthritis5.33 Psoriatic Arthritis (Continued)5.34 Reactive Arthritis (formerly Reiter Syndrome)5.35 Infectious Arthritis5.36 Tuberculous Arthritis5.37 Hemophilic Arthritis5.38 Neuropathic Joint Disease5.39 Gout and Gouty Arthritis5.40 Tophaceous Gout5.41 Calcium Pyrophosphate Deposition Disease (Pseudogout)5.42 Nonarticular Rheumatism5.43 Clinical Manifestations of Polymyalgia Rheumatica and Giant Cell Arteritis5.44 Imaging of Polymyalgia Rheumatica and Giant Cell Arteritis5.45 Fibromyalgia5.46 Pathophysiology of Autoinflammatory Syndromes5.47 Cutaneous Findings in Autoinflammatory Syndromes5.48 Joint and Central Nervous System Findings in Autoinflammatory Syndromes5.49 Vasculitis: Vessel Distribution5.50 Vasculitis: Clinical and Histologic Features of Granulomatosis with Polyangiitis5.51 Key Clinical Features of Primary Vasculitic Diseases5.52 Renal Lesions in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus5.53 Cutaneous Lupus Band Test5.54 Lupus Erythematosus of the Heart5.55 Antiphospholipid Syndrome5.56 Scleroderma: Clinical Manifestations5.57 Scleroderma: Clinical Findings5.58 Scleroderma: Radiographic Findings of Acro-osteolysis and Calcinosis Cutis5.59 Polymyositis and Dermatomyositis5.60 Polymyositis and Dermatomyositis (Continued)5.61 Primary Angiitis of the Central Nervous System5.62 Behçet Syndrome: Triad5.63 Behçet Syndrome: Positive Pathergy TestSECTION 6 TUMORS OF MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM6.1 Initial Evaluation and Staging of Musculoskeletal TumorsBenign Tumors of Bone6.2 Osteoid Osteoma6.3 Osteoblastoma6.4 Enchondroma6.5 Periosteal Chondroma6.6 Osteocartilaginous Exostosis (Osteochondroma)6.7 Chondroblastoma and Chondromyxoid Fibroma6.8 Fibrous Dysplasia6.9 Nonossifying Fibroma and Desmoplastic Fibroma6.10 Eosinophilic Granuloma6.11 Aneurysmal Bone Cyst6.12 Simple Bone Cyst6.13 Giant Cell Tumor of BoneMalignant Tumors of Bone6.14 Osteosarcoma6.15 Osteosarcoma (Continued)6.16 Osteosarcoma (Continued)6.17 Chondrosarcoma6.18 Fibrous Histiocytoma and Fibrosarcoma of Bone6.19 Reticuloendothelial Tumors: Ewing Sarcoma6.20 Malignant Tumors of Bone: Adamantinoma6.21 Malignant Tumors of Bone: Plasmacytoma/Multiple Myeloma6.22 Tumors Metastatic to BoneBenign Tumors of Soft Tissue6.23 Desmoid, Fibromatosis, and Hemangioma6.24 Lipoma, Neurofibroma, and Myositis OssificansMalignant Tumors of Soft Tissue6.25 Sarcomas of Soft Tissue6.26 Sarcomas of Soft Tissue (Continued)6.27 Sarcomas of Soft Tissue (Continued)Procedures6.28 Tumor Biopsy6.29 Surgical Margins6.30 Reconstruction after Partial Excision or Curettage of Bone (Fracture Prophylaxis)6.31 Limb-Salvage Procedures for Reconstruction6.32 Radiologic Findings in Limb-Salvage Procedures6.33 Limb-Salvage ProceduresSECTION 7 INJURY TO MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM7.1 Closed Soft Tissue Injuries7.2 Open Soft Tissue Wounds7.3 Treatment of Open Soft Tissue Wounds7.4 Pressure Ulcers7.5 Excision of Deep Pressure Ulcer7.6 Classification of Burns7.7 Causes and Clinical Types of Burns7.8 Escharotomy for Burns7.9 Prevention of Infection in Burn Wounds7.10 Metabolic and Systemic Effects of Burns7.11 Excision and Grafting for Burns7.12 Etiology of Compartment Syndrome7.13 Pathophysiology of Compartment and Crush Syndromes7.14 Acute Anterior Compartment Syndrome7.15 Measurement of Intracompartmental Pressure7.16 Incisions for Compartment Syndrome of Forearm and Hand7.17 Incisions for Compartment Syndrome of Leg7.18 Healing of Incised, Sutured Skin Wound7.19 Healing of Excised Skin Wound7.20 Types of Joint Injury7.21 Classification of Fracture7.22 Types of Displacement7.23 Types of Fracture7.24 Healing of Fracture7.25 Primary Union7.26 Factors That Promote or Delay Bone HealingSECTION 8 SOFT TISSUE INFECTIONS8.1 Septic Joint8.2 Etiology and Prevalence of Hematogenous Osteomyelitis8.3 Pathogenesis of Hematogenous Osteomyelitis8.4 Clinical Manifestations of Hematogenous Osteomyelitis8.5 Direct (Nonhematogenous) Causes of Osteomyelitis8.6 Direct (Nonhematogenous) Causes of Osteomyelitis (Continued)8.7 Osteomyelitis after Open Fracture8.8 Recurrent Postoperative Osteomyelitis8.9 Delayed Posttraumatic Osteomyelitis in Diabetic PatientSECTION 9 FRACTURE COMPLICATIONS 9.1 Neurovascular Injury9.2 Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome9.3 Infection9.4 Surgical Management of Open Fractures9.5 Gas Gangrene9.6 Implant Failure9.7 Malunion of Fracture9.8 Growth Deformity9.9 Posttraumatic Osteoarthritis9.10 Osteonecrosis9.11 Joint Stiffness9.12 Complex Regional Pain Syndrome9.13 Nonunion of Fracture9.14 Surgical Management of Nonunion9.15 Electric Stimulation of Bone Growth9.16 Noninvasive Coupling Methods of Electric Stimulation of BoneSelected References

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• SECTION 1 EMBRYOLOGY1.1 Amphioxus and Human Embryo at 16 Days1.2 Differentiation of Somites into Myotomes, Sclerotomes, and Dermatomes1.3 Progressive Stages in Formation of Vertebral Column, Dermatomes, and Myotomes; Mesenchymal Precartilage Primordia of Axial and Appendicular Skeletons at 5 Weeks1.4 Fate of Body, Costal Process, and Neural Arch Components of Vertebral Column, with Sites and Time of Appearance of Ossification Centers1.5 First and Second Cervical Vertebrae at Birth; Development of Sternum1.6 Early Development of Skull1.7 Skeleton of Full-Term Newborn1.8 Changes in Position of Limbs Before Birth; Precartilage Mesenchymal Cell Concentrations of Appendicular Skeleton at 6 Weeks1.9 Changes in Ventral Dermatome Pattern During Limb Development1.10 Initial Bone Formation in Mesenchyme; Early Stages of Flat Bone Formation1.11 Secondary Osteon (Haversian System)1.12 Growth and Ossification of Long Bones1.13 Growth in Width of a Bone and Osteon Remodeling1.14 Remodeling: Maintenance of Basic Form and Proportions of Bone during Growth1.15 Development of Three Types of Synovial Joints1.16 Segmental Distribution of Myotomes in Fetus of 6 Weeks; Developing Skeletal Muscles at 8 Weeks1.17 Development of Skeletal Muscle Fibers1.18 Cross Sections of Body at 6 to 7 Weeks1.19 Prenatal Development of Perineal Musculature1.20 Origins and Innervations of Pharyngeal Arch and Somite Myotome Muscles1.21 Branchiomeric and Adjacent Myotomic Muscles at BirthSECTION 2 PHYSIOLOGY2.1 Microscopic Appearance of Skeletal Muscle Fibers2.2 Organization of Skeletal Muscle2.3 Intrinsic Blood and Nerve Supply of Skeletal Muscle2.4 Composition and Structure of Myofilaments2.5 Muscle Contraction and Relaxation2.6 Biochemical Mechanics of Muscle Contraction2.7 Sarcoplasmic Reticulum and Initiation of Muscle Contraction2.8 Initiation of Muscle Contraction by Electric Impulse and Calcium Movement2.9 Motor Unit2.10 Structure of Neuromuscular Junction2.11 Physiology of Neuromuscular Junction2.12 Pharmacology of Neuromuscular Transmission2.13 Physiology of Muscle Contraction2.14 Energy Metabolism of Muscle2.15 Muscle Fiber Types2.16 Growth Plate: Structure, Physiology, and Pathophysiology2.17 Growth Plate: Structure, Physiology, and Pathophysiology (Continued)2.18 Growth Plate: Structure and Blood Supply2.19 Growth Plate: Peripheral Fibrocartilaginous Element2.20 Composition and Structure of Cartilage2.21 Bone Cells and Bone Deposition2.22 Composition of Bone2.23 Structure of Cortical (Compact) Bone2.24 Structure of Trabecular Bone2.25 Formation and Composition of Collagen2.26 Formation and Composition of Proteoglycan2.27 Structure and Function of Synovial Membrane2.28 Histology of Connective Tissue2.29 Bone Homeostasis: Dynamics2.30 Bone Homeostasis: Regulation of Calcium and Phosphate Metabolism2.31 Effects of Bone Formation and Bone Resorption on Skeletal Mass2.32 Four Mechanisms of Bone Mass Regulation2.33 Normal Calcium and Phosphate Metabolism2.34 Nutritional Calcium Deficiency2.35 Effects of Disuse and Stress (Weight Bearing) on Bone Mass2.36 Musculoskeletal Effects of Weightlessness (Space Flight)2.37 Bone Architecture and Remodeling in Relation to Stress2.38 Stress-Generated Electric Potentials in Bone2.39 Bioelectric Potentials in Bone2.40 Age-Related Changes in Bone Geometry2.41 Age-Related Changes in Bone Geometry (Continued)SECTION 3 METABOLIC DISEASES3.1 Parathyroid Hormone3.2 Primary Hyperparathyroidism: Pathophysiology3.3 Primary Hyperparathyroidism: Clinical Manifestations3.4 Differential Diagnosis of Hypercalcemic States3.5 Hypoparathyroidism: Pathologic Physiology3.6 Chronic Hypoparathyroidism: Clinical Manifestations3.7 Hypocalcemia: Clinical Manifestations3.8 Pseudohypoparathyroidism3.9 Mechanism of Parathyroid Hormone Activity on End Organ3.10 Mechanism of Parathyroid Hormone Activity on End Organ: Cyclic AMP Response to PTH3.11 Clinical Guide to Parathyroid Hormone Assay3.12 Clinical Guide to Parathyroid Hormone Assay (Continued)3.13 Childhood Rickets3.14 Adult Osteomalacia3.15 Nutritional Deficiency: Rickets and Osteomalacia3.16 Vitamin D-Resistant Rickets and Osteomalacia Due to Proximal Renal Tubular Defects (Hypophosphatemic Rachitic Syndromes)3.17 Vitamin D-Resistant Rickets and Osteomalacia Due to Proximal and Distal Renal Tubular Defects3.18 Vitamin D-Dependent (Pseudodeficiency) Rickets and Osteomalacia3.19 Vitamin D-Resistant Rickets and Osteomalacia Due to Renal Tubular Acidosis3.20 Metabolic Aberrations of Renal Osteodystrophy3.21 Rickets, Osteomalacia, and Renal Osteodystrophy3.22 Bony Manifestations of Renal Osteodystrophy3.23 Vascular and Soft Tissue Calcification in Secondary Hyperparathyroidism of Chronic Renal Disease3.24 Clinical Guide to Vitamin D Measurement3.25 Hypophosphatasia3.26 Osteoporosis: Risk Factors3.27 Osteoporosis: Involutional3.28 Osteoporosis: Clinical Manifestations3.29 Osteoporosis: Progressive Spinal Deformity3.30 Radiology of Osteopenia: Classification3.31 Radiology of Osteopenia: Imaging3.32 Radiology of Osteopenia: DXA3.33 Transiliac Bone Biopsy3.34 Treatment of Complications of Spinal Osteoporosis3.35 Treatment of Osteoporosis: Medications3.36 Treatment of Osteoporosis: Functional Domains of Bisphosphonate Chemical Structure3.37 Treatment of Osteoporosis: Inhibition of FPP Synthase3.38 Osteogenesis Imperfecta Type I3.39 Osteogenesis Imperfecta Type III3.40 Marfan Syndrome3.41 Marfan Syndrome (Continued)3.42 Ehlers-Danlos Syndromes3.43 Ehlers-Danlos Syndromes (Continued)3.44 Osteopetrosis (Albers-Schönberg Disease)3.45 Paget Disease of Bone3.46 Paget Disease of Bone (Continued)3.47 Pathophysiology and Treatment of Paget Disease of Bone3.48 Fibrodysplasia Ossificans ProgressivaSECTION 4 CONGENITAL AND DEVELOPMENTAL DISORDERSDwarfism4.1 Achondroplasia: Clinical Manifestations4.2 Achondroplasia: Clinical Manifestations (Continued)4.3 Achondroplasia: Clinical Manifestations of Spine4.4 Achondroplasia: Diagnostic Testing4.5 Hypochondroplasia4.6 Diastrophic Dwarfism4.7 Pseudoachondroplasia4.8 Metaphyseal Chondrodysplasia, McKusick Type4.9 Metaphyseal Chondrodysplasia, Schmid Type4.10 Chondrodysplasia Punctata4.11 Chondroectodermal Dysplasia (Ellis-van Creveld Syndrome), Grebe Chondrodysplasia, and Acromesomelic Dysplasia4.12 Multiple Epiphyseal Dysplasia, Fairbank Type4.13 Pycnodysostosis (Pyknodysostosis)4.14 Camptomelic (Campomelic) Dysplasia4.15 Spondyloepiphyseal Dysplasia Tarda and Spondyloepiphyseal Dysplasia Congenita4.16 Spondylocostal Dysostosis and Dyggve-MelchiorClausen Dysplasia4.17 Kniest Dysplasia4.18 Mucopolysaccharidoses4.19 Principles of Treatment of Skeletal DysplasiasNeurofibromatosis4.20 Diagnostic Criteria and Cutaneous Lesions in Neurofibromatosis4.21 Cutaneous Lesions in Neurofibromatosis4.22 Spinal Deformities in Neurofibromatosis4.23 Bone Overgrowth and Erosion in NeurofibromatosisOther4.24 Arthrogryposis Multiplex Congenita4.25 Fibrodysplasia Ossificans Progressiva and Progressive Diaphyseal Dysplasia4.26 Osteopetrosis and Osteopoikilosis4.27 Melorheostosis4.28 Congenital Elevation of Scapula, Absence of Clavicle, and Pseudarthrosis of Clavicle4.29 Madelung Deformity4.30 Congenital Bowing of the Tibia4.31 Congenital Pseudoarthrosis of the Tibia and Dislocation of the KneeLeg-Length Discrepancy4.32 Clinical Manifestations4.33 Evaluation of Leg-Length Discrepancy4.34 Charts for Timing Growth Arrest and Determining Amount of Limb Lengthening to Achieve Limb-Length Equality at Maturity4.35 Growth Arrest4.36 Ilizarov and De Bastiani Techniques for Limb LengtheningCongenital Limb Malformation4.37 Growth Factors4.38 Foot Prehensility in Amelia4.39 Failure of Formation of Parts: Transverse Arrest4.40 Failure of Formation of Parts: Transverse Arrest (Continued)4.41 Failure of Formation of Parts: Transverse Arrest (Continued)4.42 Failure of Formation of Parts: Transverse Arrest (Continued)4.43 Failure of Formation of Parts: Transverse Arrest (Continued)4.44 Failure of Formation of Parts: Transverse Arrest (Continued)4.45 Failure of Formation of Parts: Transverse Arrest (Continued)4.46 Failure of Formation of Parts: Longitudinal Arrest4.47 Failure of Formation of Parts: Longitudinal Arrest (Continued)4.48 Failure of Formation of Parts: Longitudinal Arrest (Continued)4.49 Failure of Formation of Parts: Longitudinal Arrest (Continued)4.50 Duplication of Parts, Overgrowth, and Congenital Constriction Band SyndromeSECTION 5 RHEUMATIC DISEASESRheumatic Diseases5.1 Joint Pathology in Rheumatoid Arthritis5.2 Early and Moderate Hand Involvement in Rheumatoid Arthritis5.3 Advanced Hand Involvement in Rheumatoid Arthritis5.4 Foot Involvement in Rheumatoid Arthritis5.5 Knee, Shoulder, and Hip Joint Involvement in Rheumatoid Arthritis5.6 Extraarticular Manifestations in Rheumatoid Arthritis5.7 Extraarticular Manifestations in Rheumatoid Arthritis (Continued)5.8 Immunologic Features in Rheumatoid Arthritis5.9 Variable Clinical Course of Adult Rheumatoid ArthritisTreatment of Rheumatoid Arthritis5.10 Exercises for Upper Extremities5.11 Exercises for Shoulders and Lower Extremities5.12 Surgical Management in Rheumatoid ArthritisSynovial Fluid Examination5.13 Techniques for Aspiration of Joint Fluid5.14 Synovial Fluid Examination5.15 Synovial Fluid Examination (Continued)Juvenile Arthritis5.16 Systemic Juvenile Arthritis5.17 Systemic Juvenile Arthritis (Continued)5.18 Hand Involvement in Juvenile Arthritis5.19 Lower Limb Involvement in Juvenile Arthritis5.20 Ocular Manifestations in Juvenile Arthritis5.21 Sequelae of Juvenile ArthritisOsteoarthritis5.22 Distribution of Joint Involvement in Osteoarthritis5.23 Clinical Findings in Osteoarthritis5.24 Clinical Findings in Osteoarthritis (Continued)5.25 Hand Involvement in Osteoarthritis5.26 Hip Joint Involvement in Osteoarthritis5.27 Degenerative Changes5.28 Spine Involvement in OsteoarthritisOther5.29 Ankylosing Spondylitis5.30 Ankylosing Spondylitis (Continued)5.31 Degenerative Changes in the Cervical Vertebrae5.32 Psoriatic Arthritis5.33 Psoriatic Arthritis (Continued)5.34 Reactive Arthritis (formerly Reiter Syndrome)5.35 Infectious Arthritis5.36 Tuberculous Arthritis5.37 Hemophilic Arthritis5.38 Neuropathic Joint Disease5.39 Gout and Gouty Arthritis5.40 Tophaceous Gout5.41 Calcium Pyrophosphate Deposition Disease (Pseudogout)5.42 Nonarticular Rheumatism5.43 Clinical Manifestations of Polymyalgia Rheumatica and Giant Cell Arteritis5.44 Imaging of Polymyalgia Rheumatica and Giant Cell Arteritis5.45 Fibromyalgia5.46 Pathophysiology of Autoinflammatory Syndromes5.47 Cutaneous Findings in Autoinflammatory Syndromes5.48 Joint and Central Nervous System Findings in Autoinflammatory Syndromes5.49 Vasculitis: Vessel Distribution5.50 Vasculitis: Clinical and Histologic Features of Granulomatosis with Polyangiitis5.51 Key Clinical Features of Primary Vasculitic Diseases5.52 Renal Lesions in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus5.53 Cutaneous Lupus Band Test5.54 Lupus Erythematosus of the Heart5.55 Antiphospholipid Syndrome5.56 Scleroderma: Clinical Manifestations5.57 Scleroderma: Clinical Findings5.58 Scleroderma: Radiographic Findings of Acro-osteolysis and Calcinosis Cutis5.59 Polymyositis and Dermatomyositis5.60 Polymyositis and Dermatomyositis (Continued)5.61 Primary Angiitis of the Central Nervous System5.62 Behçet Syndrome: Triad5.63 Behçet Syndrome: Positive Pathergy TestSECTION 6 TUMORS OF MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM6.1 Initial Evaluation and Staging of Musculoskeletal TumorsBenign Tumors of Bone6.2 Osteoid Osteoma6.3 Osteoblastoma6.4 Enchondroma6.5 Periosteal Chondroma6.6 Osteocartilaginous Exostosis (Osteochondroma)6.7 Chondroblastoma and Chondromyxoid Fibroma6.8 Fibrous Dysplasia6.9 Nonossifying Fibroma and Desmoplastic Fibroma6.10 Eosinophilic Granuloma6.11 Aneurysmal Bone Cyst6.12 Simple Bone Cyst6.13 Giant Cell Tumor of BoneMalignant Tumors of Bone6.14 Osteosarcoma6.15 Osteosarcoma (Continued)6.16 Osteosarcoma (Continued)6.17 Chondrosarcoma6.18 Fibrous Histiocytoma and Fibrosarcoma of Bone6.19 Reticuloendothelial Tumors: Ewing Sarcoma6.20 Malignant Tumors of Bone: Adamantinoma6.21 Malignant Tumors of Bone: Plasmacytoma/Multiple Myeloma6.22 Tumors Metastatic to BoneBenign Tumors of Soft Tissue6.23 Desmoid, Fibromatosis, and Hemangioma6.24 Lipoma, Neurofibroma, and Myositis OssificansMalignant Tumors of Soft Tissue6.25 Sarcomas of Soft Tissue6.26 Sarcomas of Soft Tissue (Continued)6.27 Sarcomas of Soft Tissue (Continued)Procedures6.28 Tumor Biopsy6.29 Surgical Margins6.30 Reconstruction after Partial Excision or Curettage of Bone (Fracture Prophylaxis)6.31 Limb-Salvage Procedures for Reconstruction6.32 Radiologic Findings in Limb-Salvage Procedures6.33 Limb-Salvage ProceduresSECTION 7 INJURY TO MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM7.1 Closed Soft Tissue Injuries7.2 Open Soft Tissue Wounds7.3 Treatment of Open Soft Tissue Wounds7.4 Pressure Ulcers7.5 Excision of Deep Pressure Ulcer7.6 Classification of Burns7.7 Causes and Clinical Types of Burns7.8 Escharotomy for Burns7.9 Prevention of Infection in Burn Wounds7.10 Metabolic and Systemic Effects of Burns7.11 Excision and Grafting for Burns7.12 Etiology of Compartment Syndrome7.13 Pathophysiology of Compartment and Crush Syndromes7.14 Acute Anterior Compartment Syndrome7.15 Measurement of Intracompartmental Pressure7.16 Incisions for Compartment Syndrome of Forearm and Hand7.17 Incisions for Compartment Syndrome of Leg7.18 Healing of Incised, Sutured Skin Wound7.19 Healing of Excised Skin Wound7.20 Types of Joint Injury7.21 Classification of Fracture7.22 Types of Displacement7.23 Types of Fracture7.24 Healing of Fracture7.25 Primary Union7.26 Factors That Promote or Delay Bone HealingSECTION 8 SOFT TISSUE INFECTIONS8.1 Septic Joint8.2 Etiology and Prevalence of Hematogenous Osteomyelitis8.3 Pathogenesis of Hematogenous Osteomyelitis8.4 Clinical Manifestations of Hematogenous Osteomyelitis8.5 Direct (Nonhematogenous) Causes of Osteomyelitis8.6 Direct (Nonhematogenous) Causes of Osteomyelitis (Continued)8.7 Osteomyelitis after Open Fracture8.8 Recurrent Postoperative Osteomyelitis8.9 Delayed Posttraumatic Osteomyelitis in Diabetic PatientSECTION 9 FRACTURE COMPLICATIONS 9.1 Neurovascular Injury9.2 Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome9.3 Infection9.4 Surgical Management of Open Fractures9.5 Gas Gangrene9.6 Implant Failure9.7 Malunion of Fracture9.8 Growth Deformity9.9 Posttraumatic Osteoarthritis9.10 Osteonecrosis9.11 Joint Stiffness9.12 Complex Regional Pain Syndrome9.13 Nonunion of Fracture9.14 Surgical Management of Nonunion9.15 Electric Stimulation of Bone Growth9.16 Noninvasive Coupling Methods of Electric Stimulation of BoneSelected References

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• SECTION 1 EMBRYOLOGY1.1 Amphioxus and Human Embryo at 16 Days1.2 Differentiation of Somites into Myotomes, Sclerotomes, and Dermatomes1.3 Progressive Stages in Formation of Vertebral Column, Dermatomes, and Myotomes; Mesenchymal Precartilage Primordia of Axial and Appendicular Skeletons at 5 Weeks1.4 Fate of Body, Costal Process, and Neural Arch Components of Vertebral Column, with Sites and Time of Appearance of Ossification Centers1.5 First and Second Cervical Vertebrae at Birth; Development of Sternum1.6 Early Development of Skull1.7 Skeleton of Full-Term Newborn1.8 Changes in Position of Limbs Before Birth; Precartilage Mesenchymal Cell Concentrations of Appendicular Skeleton at 6 Weeks1.9 Changes in Ventral Dermatome Pattern During Limb Development1.10 Initial Bone Formation in Mesenchyme; Early Stages of Flat Bone Formation1.11 Secondary Osteon (Haversian System)1.12 Growth and Ossification of Long Bones1.13 Growth in Width of a Bone and Osteon Remodeling1.14 Remodeling: Maintenance of Basic Form and Proportions of Bone during Growth1.15 Development of Three Types of Synovial Joints1.16 Segmental Distribution of Myotomes in Fetus of 6 Weeks; Developing Skeletal Muscles at 8 Weeks1.17 Development of Skeletal Muscle Fibers1.18 Cross Sections of Body at 6 to 7 Weeks1.19 Prenatal Development of Perineal Musculature1.20 Origins and Innervations of Pharyngeal Arch and Somite Myotome Muscles1.21 Branchiomeric and Adjacent Myotomic Muscles at BirthSECTION 2 PHYSIOLOGY2.1 Microscopic Appearance of Skeletal Muscle Fibers2.2 Organization of Skeletal Muscle2.3 Intrinsic Blood and Nerve Supply of Skeletal Muscle2.4 Composition and Structure of Myofilaments2.5 Muscle Contraction and Relaxation2.6 Biochemical Mechanics of Muscle Contraction2.7 Sarcoplasmic Reticulum and Initiation of Muscle Contraction2.8 Initiation of Muscle Contraction by Electric Impulse and Calcium Movement2.9 Motor Unit2.10 Structure of Neuromuscular Junction2.11 Physiology of Neuromuscular Junction2.12 Pharmacology of Neuromuscular Transmission2.13 Physiology of Muscle Contraction2.14 Energy Metabolism of Muscle2.15 Muscle Fiber Types2.16 Growth Plate: Structure, Physiology, and Pathophysiology2.17 Growth Plate: Structure, Physiology, and Pathophysiology (Continued)2.18 Growth Plate: Structure and Blood Supply2.19 Growth Plate: Peripheral Fibrocartilaginous Element2.20 Composition and Structure of Cartilage2.21 Bone Cells and Bone Deposition2.22 Composition of Bone2.23 Structure of Cortical (Compact) Bone2.24 Structure of Trabecular Bone2.25 Formation and Composition of Collagen2.26 Formation and Composition of Proteoglycan2.27 Structure and Function of Synovial Membrane2.28 Histology of Connective Tissue2.29 Bone Homeostasis: Dynamics2.30 Bone Homeostasis: Regulation of Calcium and Phosphate Metabolism2.31 Effects of Bone Formation and Bone Resorption on Skeletal Mass2.32 Four Mechanisms of Bone Mass Regulation2.33 Normal Calcium and Phosphate Metabolism2.34 Nutritional Calcium Deficiency2.35 Effects of Disuse and Stress (Weight Bearing) on Bone Mass2.36 Musculoskeletal Effects of Weightlessness (Space Flight)2.37 Bone Architecture and Remodeling in Relation to Stress2.38 Stress-Generated Electric Potentials in Bone2.39 Bioelectric Potentials in Bone2.40 Age-Related Changes in Bone Geometry2.41 Age-Related Changes in Bone Geometry (Continued)SECTION 3 METABOLIC DISEASES3.1 Parathyroid Hormone3.2 Primary Hyperparathyroidism: Pathophysiology3.3 Primary Hyperparathyroidism: Clinical Manifestations3.4 Differential Diagnosis of Hypercalcemic States3.5 Hypoparathyroidism: Pathologic Physiology3.6 Chronic Hypoparathyroidism: Clinical Manifestations3.7 Hypocalcemia: Clinical Manifestations3.8 Pseudohypoparathyroidism3.9 Mechanism of Parathyroid Hormone Activity on End Organ3.10 Mechanism of Parathyroid Hormone Activity on End Organ: Cyclic AMP Response to PTH3.11 Clinical Guide to Parathyroid Hormone Assay3.12 Clinical Guide to Parathyroid Hormone Assay (Continued)3.13 Childhood Rickets3.14 Adult Osteomalacia3.15 Nutritional Deficiency: Rickets and Osteomalacia3.16 Vitamin D-Resistant Rickets and Osteomalacia Due to Proximal Renal Tubular Defects (Hypophosphatemic Rachitic Syndromes)3.17 Vitamin D-Resistant Rickets and Osteomalacia Due to Proximal and Distal Renal Tubular Defects3.18 Vitamin D-Dependent (Pseudodeficiency) Rickets and Osteomalacia3.19 Vitamin D-Resistant Rickets and Osteomalacia Due to Renal Tubular Acidosis3.20 Metabolic Aberrations of Renal Osteodystrophy3.21 Rickets, Osteomalacia, and Renal Osteodystrophy3.22 Bony Manifestations of Renal Osteodystrophy3.23 Vascular and Soft Tissue Calcification in Secondary Hyperparathyroidism of Chronic Renal Disease3.24 Clinical Guide to Vitamin D Measurement3.25 Hypophosphatasia3.26 Osteoporosis: Risk Factors3.27 Osteoporosis: Involutional3.28 Osteoporosis: Clinical Manifestations3.29 Osteoporosis: Progressive Spinal Deformity3.30 Radiology of Osteopenia: Classification3.31 Radiology of Osteopenia: Imaging3.32 Radiology of Osteopenia: DXA3.33 Transiliac Bone Biopsy3.34 Treatment of Complications of Spinal Osteoporosis3.35 Treatment of Osteoporosis: Medications3.36 Treatment of Osteoporosis: Functional Domains of Bisphosphonate Chemical Structure3.37 Treatment of Osteoporosis: Inhibition of FPP Synthase3.38 Osteogenesis Imperfecta Type I3.39 Osteogenesis Imperfecta Type III3.40 Marfan Syndrome3.41 Marfan Syndrome (Continued)3.42 Ehlers-Danlos Syndromes3.43 Ehlers-Danlos Syndromes (Continued)3.44 Osteopetrosis (Albers-Schönberg Disease)3.45 Paget Disease of Bone3.46 Paget Disease of Bone (Continued)3.47 Pathophysiology and Treatment of Paget Disease of Bone3.48 Fibrodysplasia Ossificans ProgressivaSECTION 4 CONGENITAL AND DEVELOPMENTAL DISORDERSDwarfism4.1 Achondroplasia: Clinical Manifestations4.2 Achondroplasia: Clinical Manifestations (Continued)4.3 Achondroplasia: Clinical Manifestations of Spine4.4 Achondroplasia: Diagnostic Testing4.5 Hypochondroplasia4.6 Diastrophic Dwarfism4.7 Pseudoachondroplasia4.8 Metaphyseal Chondrodysplasia, McKusick Type4.9 Metaphyseal Chondrodysplasia, Schmid Type4.10 Chondrodysplasia Punctata4.11 Chondroectodermal Dysplasia (Ellis-van Creveld Syndrome), Grebe Chondrodysplasia, and Acromesomelic Dysplasia4.12 Multiple Epiphyseal Dysplasia, Fairbank Type4.13 Pycnodysostosis (Pyknodysostosis)4.14 Camptomelic (Campomelic) Dysplasia4.15 Spondyloepiphyseal Dysplasia Tarda and Spondyloepiphyseal Dysplasia Congenita4.16 Spondylocostal Dysostosis and Dyggve-MelchiorClausen Dysplasia4.17 Kniest Dysplasia4.18 Mucopolysaccharidoses4.19 Principles of Treatment of Skeletal DysplasiasNeurofibromatosis4.20 Diagnostic Criteria and Cutaneous Lesions in Neurofibromatosis4.21 Cutaneous Lesions in Neurofibromatosis4.22 Spinal Deformities in Neurofibromatosis4.23 Bone Overgrowth and Erosion in NeurofibromatosisOther4.24 Arthrogryposis Multiplex Congenita4.25 Fibrodysplasia Ossificans Progressiva and Progressive Diaphyseal Dysplasia4.26 Osteopetrosis and Osteopoikilosis4.27 Melorheostosis4.28 Congenital Elevation of Scapula, Absence of Clavicle, and Pseudarthrosis of Clavicle4.29 Madelung Deformity4.30 Congenital Bowing of the Tibia4.31 Congenital Pseudoarthrosis of the Tibia and Dislocation of the KneeLeg-Length Discrepancy4.32 Clinical Manifestations4.33 Evaluation of Leg-Length Discrepancy4.34 Charts for Timing Growth Arrest and Determining Amount of Limb Lengthening to Achieve Limb-Length Equality at Maturity4.35 Growth Arrest4.36 Ilizarov and De Bastiani Techniques for Limb LengtheningCongenital Limb Malformation4.37 Growth Factors4.38 Foot Prehensility in Amelia4.39 Failure of Formation of Parts: Transverse Arrest4.40 Failure of Formation of Parts: Transverse Arrest (Continued)4.41 Failure of Formation of Parts: Transverse Arrest (Continued)4.42 Failure of Formation of Parts: Transverse Arrest (Continued)4.43 Failure of Formation of Parts: Transverse Arrest (Continued)4.44 Failure of Formation of Parts: Transverse Arrest (Continued)4.45 Failure of Formation of Parts: Transverse Arrest (Continued)4.46 Failure of Formation of Parts: Longitudinal Arrest4.47 Failure of Formation of Parts: Longitudinal Arrest (Continued)4.48 Failure of Formation of Parts: Longitudinal Arrest (Continued)4.49 Failure of Formation of Parts: Longitudinal Arrest (Continued)4.50 Duplication of Parts, Overgrowth, and Congenital Constriction Band SyndromeSECTION 5 RHEUMATIC DISEASESRheumatic Diseases5.1 Joint Pathology in Rheumatoid Arthritis5.2 Early and Moderate Hand Involvement in Rheumatoid Arthritis5.3 Advanced Hand Involvement in Rheumatoid Arthritis5.4 Foot Involvement in Rheumatoid Arthritis5.5 Knee, Shoulder, and Hip Joint Involvement in Rheumatoid Arthritis5.6 Extraarticular Manifestations in Rheumatoid Arthritis5.7 Extraarticular Manifestations in Rheumatoid Arthritis (Continued)5.8 Immunologic Features in Rheumatoid Arthritis5.9 Variable Clinical Course of Adult Rheumatoid ArthritisTreatment of Rheumatoid Arthritis5.10 Exercises for Upper Extremities5.11 Exercises for Shoulders and Lower Extremities5.12 Surgical Management in Rheumatoid ArthritisSynovial Fluid Examination5.13 Techniques for Aspiration of Joint Fluid5.14 Synovial Fluid Examination5.15 Synovial Fluid Examination (Continued)Juvenile Arthritis5.16 Systemic Juvenile Arthritis5.17 Systemic Juvenile Arthritis (Continued)5.18 Hand Involvement in Juvenile Arthritis5.19 Lower Limb Involvement in Juvenile Arthritis5.20 Ocular Manifestations in Juvenile Arthritis5.21 Sequelae of Juvenile ArthritisOsteoarthritis5.22 Distribution of Joint Involvement in Osteoarthritis5.23 Clinical Findings in Osteoarthritis5.24 Clinical Findings in Osteoarthritis (Continued)5.25 Hand Involvement in Osteoarthritis5.26 Hip Joint Involvement in Osteoarthritis5.27 Degenerative Changes5.28 Spine Involvement in OsteoarthritisOther5.29 Ankylosing Spondylitis5.30 Ankylosing Spondylitis (Continued)5.31 Degenerative Changes in the Cervical Vertebrae5.32 Psoriatic Arthritis5.33 Psoriatic Arthritis (Continued)5.34 Reactive Arthritis (formerly Reiter Syndrome)5.35 Infectious Arthritis5.36 Tuberculous Arthritis5.37 Hemophilic Arthritis5.38 Neuropathic Joint Disease5.39 Gout and Gouty Arthritis5.40 Tophaceous Gout5.41 Calcium Pyrophosphate Deposition Disease (Pseudogout)5.42 Nonarticular Rheumatism5.43 Clinical Manifestations of Polymyalgia Rheumatica and Giant Cell Arteritis5.44 Imaging of Polymyalgia Rheumatica and Giant Cell Arteritis5.45 Fibromyalgia5.46 Pathophysiology of Autoinflammatory Syndromes5.47 Cutaneous Findings in Autoinflammatory Syndromes5.48 Joint and Central Nervous System Findings in Autoinflammatory Syndromes5.49 Vasculitis: Vessel Distribution5.50 Vasculitis: Clinical and Histologic Features of Granulomatosis with Polyangiitis5.51 Key Clinical Features of Primary Vasculitic Diseases5.52 Renal Lesions in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus5.53 Cutaneous Lupus Band Test5.54 Lupus Erythematosus of the Heart5.55 Antiphospholipid Syndrome5.56 Scleroderma: Clinical Manifestations5.57 Scleroderma: Clinical Findings5.58 Scleroderma: Radiographic Findings of Acro-osteolysis and Calcinosis Cutis5.59 Polymyositis and Dermatomyositis5.60 Polymyositis and Dermatomyositis (Continued)5.61 Primary Angiitis of the Central Nervous System5.62 Behçet Syndrome: Triad5.63 Behçet Syndrome: Positive Pathergy TestSECTION 6 TUMORS OF MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM6.1 Initial Evaluation and Staging of Musculoskeletal TumorsBenign Tumors of Bone6.2 Osteoid Osteoma6.3 Osteoblastoma6.4 Enchondroma6.5 Periosteal Chondroma6.6 Osteocartilaginous Exostosis (Osteochondroma)6.7 Chondroblastoma and Chondromyxoid Fibroma6.8 Fibrous Dysplasia6.9 Nonossifying Fibroma and Desmoplastic Fibroma6.10 Eosinophilic Granuloma6.11 Aneurysmal Bone Cyst6.12 Simple Bone Cyst6.13 Giant Cell Tumor of BoneMalignant Tumors of Bone6.14 Osteosarcoma6.15 Osteosarcoma (Continued)6.16 Osteosarcoma (Continued)6.17 Chondrosarcoma6.18 Fibrous Histiocytoma and Fibrosarcoma of Bone6.19 Reticuloendothelial Tumors: Ewing Sarcoma6.20 Malignant Tumors of Bone: Adamantinoma6.21 Malignant Tumors of Bone: Plasmacytoma/Multiple Myeloma6.22 Tumors Metastatic to BoneBenign Tumors of Soft Tissue6.23 Desmoid, Fibromatosis, and Hemangioma6.24 Lipoma, Neurofibroma, and Myositis OssificansMalignant Tumors of Soft Tissue6.25 Sarcomas of Soft Tissue6.26 Sarcomas of Soft Tissue (Continued)6.27 Sarcomas of Soft Tissue (Continued)Procedures6.28 Tumor Biopsy6.29 Surgical Margins6.30 Reconstruction after Partial Excision or Curettage of Bone (Fracture Prophylaxis)6.31 Limb-Salvage Procedures for Reconstruction6.32 Radiologic Findings in Limb-Salvage Procedures6.33 Limb-Salvage ProceduresSECTION 7 INJURY TO MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM7.1 Closed Soft Tissue Injuries7.2 Open Soft Tissue Wounds7.3 Treatment of Open Soft Tissue Wounds7.4 Pressure Ulcers7.5 Excision of Deep Pressure Ulcer7.6 Classification of Burns7.7 Causes and Clinical Types of Burns7.8 Escharotomy for Burns7.9 Prevention of Infection in Burn Wounds7.10 Metabolic and Systemic Effects of Burns7.11 Excision and Grafting for Burns7.12 Etiology of Compartment Syndrome7.13 Pathophysiology of Compartment and Crush Syndromes7.14 Acute Anterior Compartment Syndrome7.15 Measurement of Intracompartmental Pressure7.16 Incisions for Compartment Syndrome of Forearm and Hand7.17 Incisions for Compartment Syndrome of Leg7.18 Healing of Incised, Sutured Skin Wound7.19 Healing of Excised Skin Wound7.20 Types of Joint Injury7.21 Classification of Fracture7.22 Types of Displacement7.23 Types of Fracture7.24 Healing of Fracture7.25 Primary Union7.26 Factors That Promote or Delay Bone HealingSECTION 8 SOFT TISSUE INFECTIONS8.1 Septic Joint8.2 Etiology and Prevalence of Hematogenous Osteomyelitis8.3 Pathogenesis of Hematogenous Osteomyelitis8.4 Clinical Manifestations of Hematogenous Osteomyelitis8.5 Direct (Nonhematogenous) Causes of Osteomyelitis8.6 Direct (Nonhematogenous) Causes of Osteomyelitis (Continued)8.7 Osteomyelitis after Open Fracture8.8 Recurrent Postoperative Osteomyelitis8.9 Delayed Posttraumatic Osteomyelitis in Diabetic PatientSECTION 9 FRACTURE COMPLICATIONS 9.1 Neurovascular Injury9.2 Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome9.3 Infection9.4 Surgical Management of Open Fractures9.5 Gas Gangrene9.6 Implant Failure9.7 Malunion of Fracture9.8 Growth Deformity9.9 Posttraumatic Osteoarthritis9.10 Osteonecrosis9.11 Joint Stiffness9.12 Complex Regional Pain Syndrome9.13 Nonunion of Fracture9.14 Surgical Management of Nonunion9.15 Electric Stimulation of Bone Growth9.16 Noninvasive Coupling Methods of Electric Stimulation of BoneSelected References