Dr Adam E. M. Eltorai, MD, PhD completed his graduate studies in Biomedical Engineering and Biotechnology along with his medical degree from Brown University. His work has spanned the translational spectrum with a focus on medical technology innovation and development. Dr. Eltorai has published numerous articles and books.Dr. Bakal is the Program Director for Provincial Research Data Services at Alberta Health Services, which operates the Alberta Strategy for Patient Oriented Research (SPOR) data platform. He also leads the Health Service Statistical and Analytics Methods teams. Over 10 years, he has worked with health services data, including randomized clinical trials. He completed his PhD jointly through the Department of Mathematics and Statistics and the School of Physical Health and Education at Queen’s University. His work includes methodological contributions and analyses supporting international studies spanning business strategy, ophthalmology, cardiology, and geriatric medicine, as well as analyses of kinematic data, through peer-reviewed publications and conference presentations. Current interests include developing statistical methodology for time-to-event data and building classification tools to support patient decision-making processes. Maleeha Ahmad, MD, FRCS, FACS is a neurosurgeon with advanced fellowships spanning skull base, neurosurgical oncology, and stereotactic radiosurgery. Her work bridges the operating room, neurosurgical systems design, and the frontier of intelligent healthcare. With over a decade of expertise and more than 1,000 citations to her peer-reviewed publications, she is recognized as an authority in translational neurosurgery, with leadership across clinical trials, academic service lines, and editorial roles in leading neurosurgical publications. Having worked both within and beyond traditional academic silos—including ten years in academic medicine—she brings an outcomes-driven perspective shaped by high-volume integrated care systems. Her current focus lies in translating data-rich insights—from artificial intelligence and radiogenomics to global health frameworks—into advanced, safe, and patient-centric neurosurgical decision-making. As Lead Book Editor of Translational Neurosurgery, she curates this volume as a blueprint for the discipline’s next evolutionary leap.

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• Section 1: Introduction1. Translational Process2. Scientific MethodSection 2: Pre-Clinical4. What problem are you solving?5. Types of interventions6. Drug testing7. Device discovery and prototyping8. Diagnostic testing9. Artificial IntelligenceSection 3: Statistical Principles10. Basic statistical principles11. Distributions12. Hypotheses and error types13. Power14. Continuous variable analyses15. Categorical variable analyses: Chi-square, fisher exact, Mantel hanzel16. Analysis of variance17. Correlation18. Basic science statistics19. Sample Size20. Statistical SoftwareSection 4: Clinical: Study Types21. Outcome measurements: What data is being collected and why?22. Case series: Design, measures, classic example23. Case-control study: Design, measures, classic example24. Cross-section study: Design, measures, classic example25. Longitudinal study: Design, measures, classic example26. Meta-analysis: Design, measures, classic example27. Qualitative methods and mixed methodsSection 5: Clinical Trials28. Randomization and Multicentric Considerations in Clinical Trials29. Nonrandomized Control30. Historical Control31. Study Types with Design, Measures, Classic Example32. Blinding: Who and How?33. Adaptive: Design, measures, classic example34. Phase 0 Trials: Window of Opportunity35. Registries, Phases of Clinical Trials, IDEAL FrameworkSection 6: Regulatory Basics36. FDA overview37. IND38. Devices39. Radiation-emitting Electronic Products40. Biologics41. Combination Products42. A Brief Overview of the FDAs Involvement in the Regulation of Dietary Supplements43. Cosmetics44. CMC and GxP45. Non-US regulatory46. Post-Market Drug Safety Monitoring47. Post-Market Device Safety MonitoringSection 7: Public Health48. Public Health49. Epidemiology50. Factors51. Good Questions52. Population- and Environmental-specific Considerations53. Healthcare Institutions and Systems54. Public Health Institutions and Systems55. Presenting Data