JAMES R. BRIGHT Industrial Management Center Inc., South CarolinaJOHN A. CZEPIEL New York UniversityMICHAEL GIBBONS University of ManchesterBELA GOLD Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OhioERIK A. HAEFFNER Innovation Institute, StockholmGEORGE HAYWARD the Anglian Regional Management Centre, ChelmsfordJOHN LANGRISH University of Manchester Institute of Science and TehnologyBLAIR LITTLE University of Western Ontario, London, CanadaHARRY NYSTRÖM Institue for Economics and Statistics, UppsalaEDGAR A. PESSEMIER Purdue University, West Lafayette, IndianaGEORGE F. RAY National Institute of Economic and Social Research, LondonANDREW ROBERTSON the Polytechnic of Central LondonROY ROTHWELL University of SussexKARL A. STROETMANN Abt Associates GmbH, HeidelbergMORRIS TEUBAL Hebrew University, JerusalemBRIAN C. TWISS University of BradfordLUITPOLD UHLMANN Ifo-Institute for Economic Research, MunichJAMES M. UTTERBACK Massachusetts Institute of TechnologyERIC VON HIPPEL Massachusetts Institute of TechnologyDAVID S. WATKINS Manchester Business SchoolFRANK WOLEK US Department of Commerce, Washington, DC

• Preface Biographical Notes The Wider Horizons of 'Industrial' Innovation; G.F.Ray Commentary; J.Langrish The Typology Approach in Innovation Research; L.Uhlmann Commentary; M.Gibbons Note; J.Langrish The Relationship between Technical Change and Economic Performance in Mechanical Engineering: Some Evidence; R.Rothwell Inter-industry Repercussions of Major Technological Innovations; B.Gold Commentary; J.A.Czepiel A Customer-active Paradigm for Industrial Product Idea Generation; E.von Hippel Innovation Strategies for Industrial Corporations and for Satisfying National Needs; E.A.Haeffner Commentary; E.von Hippel Product and Process Innovation in a Changing Competitive Environment; J.M.Utterback Commentary; L.Uhlmann Co-operative Research and Development in the United States; F.W.Wolek Commentary; G.Hayward Orienting Research and Development to the Needs of Industry: The Application of the 'Customer-Contractor' Principle in the Department of Industry; M.Gibbons & P.J.Gummett Decision-Makers' Responses to Industrial Innovation Incentives; D.S.Watkins & A.H.Rubenstein Innovation in Small and Medium-Sized Industrial Firms - A German Perspective; K.A.Stroetmann Commentary; R.Rothwell Technology Forecasting as an Influence on Technological Innovation: Past Examples and Future Expectations; J.R.Bright Commentary; B.Little New Technology and the Role of Marketing; B.Little On User Needs and Need Determination: Aspects of the Theory of Technological Innovation; M.Teubal Commentary; B.C.Twiss Changing Corporate Attitudes to Innovation: A Case Study; B.C.Twiss Commentary; H.Nyström A Study in 'Real Time' of the Innovation Process in Two Science-based Companies; A.Robertson & M.Fox Commentary; E.Pessemier Managing Product Innovation; M.Teubal Industrial Buying Behaviour and the Adoption of Innovations; M.J.Baker Commentary; R.Rothwell Perceived Characteristics and the Diffusion of Innovations; G.HaywardCommentary; M.J.Baker Communications Networks and Innovation in Industrial Communities; J.A.Czepiel Company Strategies for Research and Development; H.Nyström Comentary; E.Haeffner The Effects of Technological Change; J.Langrish Commentary; F.Wolek Index

JAMES R. BRIGHT Industrial Management Center Inc., South CarolinaJOHN A. CZEPIEL New York UniversityMICHAEL GIBBONS University of ManchesterBELA GOLD Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OhioERIK A. HAEFFNER Innovation Institute, StockholmGEORGE HAYWARD the Anglian Regional Management Centre, ChelmsfordJOHN LANGRISH University of Manchester Institute of Science and TehnologyBLAIR LITTLE University of Western Ontario, London, CanadaHARRY NYSTRÖM Institue for Economics and Statistics, UppsalaEDGAR A. PESSEMIER Purdue University, West Lafayette, IndianaGEORGE F. RAY National Institute of Economic and Social Research, LondonANDREW ROBERTSON the Polytechnic of Central LondonROY ROTHWELL University of SussexKARL A. STROETMANN Abt Associates GmbH, HeidelbergMORRIS TEUBAL Hebrew University, JerusalemBRIAN C. TWISS University of BradfordLUITPOLD UHLMANN Ifo-Institute for Economic Research, MunichJAMES M. UTTERBACK Massachusetts Institute of TechnologyERIC VON HIPPEL Massachusetts Institute of TechnologyDAVID S. WATKINS Manchester Business SchoolFRANK WOLEK US Department of Commerce, Washington, DC

• Preface Biographical Notes The Wider Horizons of 'Industrial' Innovation; G.F.Ray Commentary; J.Langrish The Typology Approach in Innovation Research; L.Uhlmann Commentary; M.Gibbons Note; J.Langrish The Relationship between Technical Change and Economic Performance in Mechanical Engineering: Some Evidence; R.Rothwell Inter-industry Repercussions of Major Technological Innovations; B.Gold Commentary; J.A.Czepiel A Customer-active Paradigm for Industrial Product Idea Generation; E.von Hippel Innovation Strategies for Industrial Corporations and for Satisfying National Needs; E.A.Haeffner Commentary; E.von Hippel Product and Process Innovation in a Changing Competitive Environment; J.M.Utterback Commentary; L.Uhlmann Co-operative Research and Development in the United States; F.W.Wolek Commentary; G.Hayward Orienting Research and Development to the Needs of Industry: The Application of the 'Customer-Contractor' Principle in the Department of Industry; M.Gibbons & P.J.Gummett Decision-Makers' Responses to Industrial Innovation Incentives; D.S.Watkins & A.H.Rubenstein Innovation in Small and Medium-Sized Industrial Firms - A German Perspective; K.A.Stroetmann Commentary; R.Rothwell Technology Forecasting as an Influence on Technological Innovation: Past Examples and Future Expectations; J.R.Bright Commentary; B.Little New Technology and the Role of Marketing; B.Little On User Needs and Need Determination: Aspects of the Theory of Technological Innovation; M.Teubal Commentary; B.C.Twiss Changing Corporate Attitudes to Innovation: A Case Study; B.C.Twiss Commentary; H.Nyström A Study in 'Real Time' of the Innovation Process in Two Science-based Companies; A.Robertson & M.Fox Commentary; E.Pessemier Managing Product Innovation; M.Teubal Industrial Buying Behaviour and the Adoption of Innovations; M.J.Baker Commentary; R.Rothwell Perceived Characteristics and the Diffusion of Innovations; G.HaywardCommentary; M.J.Baker Communications Networks and Innovation in Industrial Communities; J.A.Czepiel Company Strategies for Research and Development; H.Nyström Comentary; E.Haeffner The Effects of Technological Change; J.Langrish Commentary; F.Wolek Index

JAMES R. BRIGHT Industrial Management Center Inc., South CarolinaJOHN A. CZEPIEL New York UniversityMICHAEL GIBBONS University of ManchesterBELA GOLD Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OhioERIK A. HAEFFNER Innovation Institute, StockholmGEORGE HAYWARD the Anglian Regional Management Centre, ChelmsfordJOHN LANGRISH University of Manchester Institute of Science and TehnologyBLAIR LITTLE University of Western Ontario, London, CanadaHARRY NYSTRÖM Institue for Economics and Statistics, UppsalaEDGAR A. PESSEMIER Purdue University, West Lafayette, IndianaGEORGE F. RAY National Institute of Economic and Social Research, LondonANDREW ROBERTSON the Polytechnic of Central LondonROY ROTHWELL University of SussexKARL A. STROETMANN Abt Associates GmbH, HeidelbergMORRIS TEUBAL Hebrew University, JerusalemBRIAN C. TWISS University of BradfordLUITPOLD UHLMANN Ifo-Institute for Economic Research, MunichJAMES M. UTTERBACK Massachusetts Institute of TechnologyERIC VON HIPPEL Massachusetts Institute of TechnologyDAVID S. WATKINS Manchester Business SchoolFRANK WOLEK US Department of Commerce, Washington, DC

• Preface Biographical Notes The Wider Horizons of 'Industrial' Innovation; G.F.Ray Commentary; J.Langrish The Typology Approach in Innovation Research; L.Uhlmann Commentary; M.Gibbons Note; J.Langrish The Relationship between Technical Change and Economic Performance in Mechanical Engineering: Some Evidence; R.Rothwell Inter-industry Repercussions of Major Technological Innovations; B.Gold Commentary; J.A.Czepiel A Customer-active Paradigm for Industrial Product Idea Generation; E.von Hippel Innovation Strategies for Industrial Corporations and for Satisfying National Needs; E.A.Haeffner Commentary; E.von Hippel Product and Process Innovation in a Changing Competitive Environment; J.M.Utterback Commentary; L.Uhlmann Co-operative Research and Development in the United States; F.W.Wolek Commentary; G.Hayward Orienting Research and Development to the Needs of Industry: The Application of the 'Customer-Contractor' Principle in the Department of Industry; M.Gibbons & P.J.Gummett Decision-Makers' Responses to Industrial Innovation Incentives; D.S.Watkins & A.H.Rubenstein Innovation in Small and Medium-Sized Industrial Firms - A German Perspective; K.A.Stroetmann Commentary; R.Rothwell Technology Forecasting as an Influence on Technological Innovation: Past Examples and Future Expectations; J.R.Bright Commentary; B.Little New Technology and the Role of Marketing; B.Little On User Needs and Need Determination: Aspects of the Theory of Technological Innovation; M.Teubal Commentary; B.C.Twiss Changing Corporate Attitudes to Innovation: A Case Study; B.C.Twiss Commentary; H.Nyström A Study in 'Real Time' of the Innovation Process in Two Science-based Companies; A.Robertson & M.Fox Commentary; E.Pessemier Managing Product Innovation; M.Teubal Industrial Buying Behaviour and the Adoption of Innovations; M.J.Baker Commentary; R.Rothwell Perceived Characteristics and the Diffusion of Innovations; G.HaywardCommentary; M.J.Baker Communications Networks and Innovation in Industrial Communities; J.A.Czepiel Company Strategies for Research and Development; H.Nyström Comentary; E.Haeffner The Effects of Technological Change; J.Langrish Commentary; F.Wolek Index