DAVID BIRMINGHAM is Professor of Modern History at Rutherford College, University of Kent. He is the author of several books including, Kwame Nkrumah: the Father of African Nationalism, Frontline Nationalism in Angola and Mozambique, A Concise History of Portugal and The Decolonization of Africa.

• Preface Glossary and Chronology The Valley of the Cranes Under the Paw of the Bear Tradition and Reformation The Milk of the Land Fairs and Markets The Green Flag of Revolution Butchers, Bakers and Candlestick Makers Education and Social Change The Romance of the Alps Patriotism and the Shadow of War Sources and Acknowledgements Index

DAVID BIRMINGHAM is Professor of Modern History at Rutherford College, University of Kent. He is the author of several books including, Kwame Nkrumah: the Father of African Nationalism, Frontline Nationalism in Angola and Mozambique, A Concise History of Portugal and The Decolonization of Africa.

• Preface Glossary and Chronology The Valley of the Cranes Under the Paw of the Bear Tradition and Reformation The Milk of the Land Fairs and Markets The Green Flag of Revolution Butchers, Bakers and Candlestick Makers Education and Social Change The Romance of the Alps Patriotism and the Shadow of War Sources and Acknowledgements Index

DAVID BIRMINGHAM is Professor of Modern History at Rutherford College, University of Kent. He is the author of several books including, Kwame Nkrumah: the Father of African Nationalism, Frontline Nationalism in Angola and Mozambique, A Concise History of Portugal and The Decolonization of Africa.

• Preface Glossary and Chronology The Valley of the Cranes Under the Paw of the Bear Tradition and Reformation The Milk of the Land Fairs and Markets The Green Flag of Revolution Butchers, Bakers and Candlestick Makers Education and Social Change The Romance of the Alps Patriotism and the Shadow of War Sources and Acknowledgements Index