Africa South of the Sahara 2021

Europa Publications’ regional publications are compiled by a team of editors and researchers, with introductory and country-specific material provided by specialists in their field:Alexandre Abreu. Researcher, Centre of African and Development Studies, University of Lisbon, Portugal.George M. Bob-Milliar. Senior Lecturer, Department of History and Political Studies, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana.Sir Mervyn Brown. Former British Ambassador in Madagascar. Member, Académie Malgache.Anna Bruzzone. Stipendiary Lecturer in European and World History, University of Oxford, United Kingdom.Marisé Castro. Researcher, Amnesty International, International Secretariat, London, United Kingdom.Tony Chafer. Professor of Contemporary French Area Studies and Director of the Centre for European and International Studies, University of Portsmouth, United Kingdom.Julian Cooke. Editor of the Anglo-Malagasy Society Newsletter.Sylvia Croese. Research Officer, African Centre for Cities, University of Cape Town, South Africa.Devon E. A. Curtis. Lecturer in Politics and International Studies, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom.Björn Dahlin van Wees. Economist specializing in sub-Saharan Africa.Juan Fandos-Rius. Encyclopaedist and historian of the Central African Republic.Sheereen Fauzel. Researcher, PhD in Development Economics, University of Mauritius, Mauritius.Marie Gibert. Visiting Fellow, Centre for European and International Studies Research, University of Portsmouth, United Kingdom.Solomon M. Gofie. Associate Professor, Department of Political Science and International Relations, Addis Ababa University, Ethiopia.Stephen Harmon. Late Professor of History, Pittsburg State University, Kansas, USA.Abdourahmane Idrissa. Assistant Professor, African Studies Centre, Leiden University, Netherlands, and Humboldt Researcher, University of Göttingen, Germany.Michael Jennings. Senior Lecturer in International Development, School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London, United Kingdom.Warka Solomon Kahsay. Saint Francis Xavier University, Antogonish, Canada.Fred van der Kraaij. Economist specializing in Liberia and the Western Sahel.Robert E. Looney. International consultant specializing in economic development and Distinguished Professor, Naval Postgraduate School, Monterey, CA, USA.Hugh Macmillan. Research Associate, African Studies Centre, University of Oxford, United Kingdom.Giuseppe Maimone. Adjunct Professor, Department of Political Sciences and International Relations, University of Palermo, Italy.Albert Makochekanwa. Lecturer, Department of Economics, University of Zimbabwe, Harare, Zimbabwe.Zoe Marriage. Reader in Development Studies, School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London, United Kingdom.Paul Melly. Journalist specializing in francophone Africa and Associate Fellow of the Africa Programme at the Royal Institute of International Affairs (Chatham House), United Kingdom.Ticky Monekosso. Journalist and researcher specializing in human rights, development issues and related humanitarian affairs in Africa, and founder of Afromedi@net.Gregory Mthembu-Salter. Research Associate, South African Institute of International Affairs.Katharine Murison. Former Editor of Africa South of the Sahara.Luca Raineri. Research Fellow in Security Studies, Sant’Anna School of Advanced Studies, Pisa, Italy.Christopher Saunders. Emeritus Professor, Department of Historical Studies, University of Cape Town, South Africa.Boopen Seetanah. Professor, Co-Chair of the WTO Chair Programme and Director of Research at the International Centre for Sustainable Tourism and Hospitality, University of Mauritius, Mauritius.Gerhard Seibert. Associate Researcher, Centre for International Studies, ISCTE—Lisbon University Institute, Portugal.Max Siollun. Historian and author specializing in Nigeria’s political and military history.Sishuwa Sishuwa. Lecturer in African History, University of Zambia, Zambia.Donald L. Sparks. Emeritus Professor of International Economics, The Citadel, Charleston, South Carolina, USA, and Lecturer in International Business, Management Centre Innsbruck, Austria.Leighann Spencer. PhD candidate, Charles Sturt University, Australia, and Tutor in Justice Studies, La Trobe University, Australia.David Styan. Department of Politics, Birkbeck, University of London, United Kingdom.Helen Ware. Professor of Peace Studies, School of Humanities, University of New England, Armidale, Australia.Jörg Wiegratz. Lecturer in Political Economy of Global Development, School of Politics and International Studies, University of Leeds, United Kingdom.Paul D. Williams. Professor, Elliott School of International Affairs, George Washington University, USA.Duncan Woodside. Journalist and analyst specializing in economics and conflict in the Great Lakes of Africa.Ralph Young. Former Senior Lecturer, Department of Government, University of Manchester, United Kingdom.

"This is probably the best reference work available on this part of the African continent." – Reference Reviews "This edition provides a timely benchmark for the notoriously fluid sub- Saharan region." – RUSI Journal "A well-balanced, well-judged and remarkably comprehensive volume." – Times Literary Supplement "This is the most comprehensive and up-to-date guide to African countries and organizations." – International Affairs "The best thing of its kind on the market." – West Africa "La più accurata e completa radiografia economico geografica di questa parte di mondo." – Atlante Milan "Splendid annual survey." – Reference & Research Book News "A welcome addition to any library shelf." – Africa Events "Packed with information on countries from Angola to Zimbabwe ... an invaluable reference guide to the Continent." – African Review

• PART ONE General SurveyEconomic Trends in Africa South of the Sahara DONALD L. SPARKSBeyond Françafrique—The State of Relations Between France and Africa TONY CHAFER State Failure in Africa: Causes, Consequences and Responses PAUL D. WILLIAMS A Century of Development: Policy and Process in Sub-Saharan Africa MICHAEL JENNINGS An Analysis of the Rule of Law in Sub-Saharan Africa LEIGHANN SPENCER Brazil’s Declining Engagement with Africa GERHARD SEIBERT PART TWO Country SurveysEssays on geography, history and economy, as well as statistical surveys, directories and bibliographies for each country: ANGOLARecent History SYLVIA CROESE Economy SYLVIA CROESE BENINRecent History KATHARINE MURISON Economy PAUL MELLY BOTSWANARecent History CHRISTOPHER SAUNDERS Economy ROBERT E. LOONEY BRITISH INDIAN OCEAN TERRITORY BURKINA FASORecent History KATHARINE MURISON Economy PAUL MELLY BURUNDIRecent History DEVON E. A. CURTIS Economy DUNCAN WOODSIDE CABO VERDERecent History GERHARD SEIBERT Economy GERHARD SEIBERT CAMEROONRecent History HELEN WARE Economy TICKY MONEKOSSO THE CENTRAL AFRICAN REPUBLICRecent History JUAN FANDOS-RIUS Economy DUNCAN WOODSIDECHADRecent History Economy PAUL MELLY THE COMOROSRecent History PAUL MELLY Economy PAUL MELLY Mayotte THE DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF THE CONGORecent History ZOE MARRIAGEEconomy DUNCAN WOODSIDETHE REPUBLIC OF THE CONGORecent History KATHARINE MURISON Economy TICKY MONEKOSSOCÔTE D’IVOIRERecent History MARIE GIBERTEconomy MARIE GIBERTDJIBOUTIRecent History DAVID STYANEconomy DAVID STYAN EQUATORIAL GUINEARecent History MARISÉ CASTROEconomy MARISÉ CASTROERITREARecent History WARKA SOLOMON KAHSAYEconomy WARKA SOLOMON KAHSAYESWATINI (SWAZILAND)Recent History HUGH MACMILLANEconomy ETHIOPIARecent History SOLOMON M. GOFIE Economy GABONRecent History RALPH YOUNGEconomy RALPH YOUNGTHE GAMBIARecent History KATHARINE MURISON Economy ROBERT E. LOONEYGHANARecent History GEORGE M. BOB-MILLIAREconomy ROBERT E. LOONEYGUINEARecent History MARIE GIBERTEconomy MARIE GIBERTGUINEA-BISSAURecent History MARIE GIBERT (based on an earlier article by ALEXANDRE ABREU)Economy MARIE GIBERT (based on an earlier article by ALEXANDRE ABREU) KENYARecent History MICHAEL JENNINGSEconomy DUNCAN WOODSIDELESOTHORecent History CHRISTOPHER SAUNDERSEconomy LIBERIARecent History FRED VAN DER KRAAIJEconomy FRED VAN DER KRAAIJMADAGASCARRecent History JULIAN COOKE (based on an earlier article by MERVYN BROWN)Economy JULIAN COOKE MALAWIRecent History CHRISTOPHER SAUNDERS Economy MALIRecent History STEPHEN HARMONEconomy PAUL MELLYMAURITANIARecent History GIUSEPPE MAIMONE Economy PAUL MELLYMAURITIUSRecent History KATHARINE MURISON Economy BOOPEN SEETANAH and SHEEREEN FAUZELMOZAMBIQUERecent History MARISÉ CASTROEconomy ROBERT E. LOONEYNAMIBIARecent History CHRISTOPHER SAUNDERS Economy NIGERRecent History LUCA RAINERI (based on an earlier article by ABDOURAHMANE IDRISSA)Economy NIGERIARecent History MAX SIOLLUN Economy ROBERT E. LOONEYRÉUNIONRecent HistoryEconomyRWANDARecent History DUNCAN WOODSIDEEconomy DUNCAN WOODSIDESAINT HELENA, ASCENSION AND TRISTAN DA CUNHARecent History EconomySÃO TOMÉ AND PRÍNCIPERecent History GERHARD SEIBERTEconomy GERHARD SEIBERTSENEGALRecent History KATHARINE MURISONEconomy MARIE GIBERTSEYCHELLESRecent History KATHARINE MURISONEconomy ROBERT E. LOONEYSIERRA LEONERecent History LEIGHANN SPENCEREconomy SOMALIARecent History Economy DUNCAN WOODSIDE (based on an earlier article by ANNA BRUZZONE SOUTH AFRICARecent History CHRISTOPHER SAUNDERSEconomy ROBERT E. LOONEYSOUTH SUDANRecent History DUNCAN WOODSIDEEconomy DUNCAN WOODSIDESUDANRecent History DUNCAN WOODSIDEEconomy DUNCAN WOODSIDETANZANIARecent History MICHAEL JENNINGSEconomy JÖRG WIEGRATZ TOGORecent History KATHARINE MURISON Economy PAUL MELLY UGANDARecent History MICHAEL JENNINGS Economy JÖRG WIEGRATZ ZAMBIARecent History SISHUWA SISHUWA (based on an earlier article by GREGORY MTHEMBU-SALTER) Economy DUNCAN WOODSIDEZIMBABWERecent History CHRISTOPHER SAUNDERS Economy ALBERT MAKOCHEKANWA PART THREE Regional InformationREGIONAL ORGANIZATIONSMAJOR COMMODITIES OF AFRICA CALENDARS RESEARCH INSTITUTES CONCERNED WITH AFRICA SELECT BIBLIOGRAPHY (BOOKS)SELECT BIBLIOGRAPHY (PERIODICALS)