Karen Christensen is Professor of Sociology at the Department of Sociology, University of Bergen, Norway. Her research and publications focus on welfare sociology based on her interests in social care, work, gender and migration. She has led or collaborated on a range of research projects, nationally and internationally, within areas such as elderly care, welfare and disability, comparative social policy, and the lives of migrant care workers. Doria Pilling is a sociologist and Honorary senior research fellow at the School of Health Sciences at City, University of London, UK. She has researched and published on a range of areas, including social disadvantage, case management, disability and employment, disability and technology, evaluation of service quality and comparative social policy.

• Chapter 1: Long-term care services in Norway – a historical sociological perspective (Karen Christensen and Kari Wærness); Chapter 2: Revisiting the public care model – the Danish case of free choice in home care (Tine Rostgaard); Chapter 3: Organizational trends impacting on everyday realities: the case of Swedish eldercare (Anneli Stranz and Marta Szebehely); Chapter 4: Long-term care reforms in the Netherlands: care work at stake (Barbara Da Roit); Chapter 5: The English social care workforce: the vexed question of low wages and stress (Shereen Hussein); Chapter 6: The personalization and marketization of home care services for older people in England (Kate Baxter); Chapter 7: The development of an ambiguous care work sector in France. Between professionalization and fragmentation (Blanche Le Bihan and Alis Sopadzhiyan); Chapter 8: Care provision inside and outside the professional care system: the case of long-term care insurance in Germany (Hildegard Theobald); Chapter 9: Employing migrant care workers for 24-hour care in private households in Austria: benefits and risks for the long-term care system (August Österle); Chapter 10: Migrant care workers in Italian households: recent trends and future perspectives (Mirko Di Rosa, Francesco Barbabella, Arianna Poli, Sara Santini and Giovanni Lamura); Chapter 11: Post-socialist eldercare in the Czech Republic: institutions, families, and the market (Adéla Souralová and Eva Šlesingerová); Chapter 12: Imbalance between demand and supply of long-term care – the case of post-communist Poland (Stanisława Golinowska and Agnieszka Sowa-Kofta); Chapter 13: Long-term care in Turkey: challenges and opportunities (Sema Oglak); Chapter 14: The emergence of eldercare industry in China – progress and challenges (Xiying Fan, Heying Jenny Zhan and Qi Wang); Chapter 15: Challenges of care work under the new long-term care insurance for elderly people in South Korea (Yongho Chon); Chapter 16: Migrant live-in care workers in Taiwan: multiple roles, cultural functions, and the new division of care labour (Li-Fang Liang); Chapter 17: Has the long-term care insurance contributed to de-familialisation? Familialisation and marketization of eldercare in Japan (Yayoi Saito); Chapter 18: Care robots in Japanese elderly care: cultural values in focus (Nobu Ishiguro); Chapter 19: Long-term services and supports for the elderly in the United States: a complex system of perverse incentives (Candace Howes); Chapter 20: Complexities, tensions, and promising practices: work in Canadian long-term residential care (Pat Armstrong and Tamara Daly); Chapter 21: Reforms to long-term care in Australia: a changing and challenging landscape (Jane Mears); Chapter 22: Facing the challenges of population longevity but not being ready – the case of Argentina (Nélida Redondo); Index

Karen Christensen is Professor of Sociology at the Department of Sociology, University of Bergen, Norway. Her research and publications focus on welfare sociology based on her interests in social care, work, gender and migration. She has led or collaborated on a range of research projects, nationally and internationally, within areas such as elderly care, welfare and disability, comparative social policy, and the lives of migrant care workers. Doria Pilling is a sociologist and Honorary senior research fellow at the School of Health Sciences at City, University of London, UK. She has researched and published on a range of areas, including social disadvantage, case management, disability and employment, disability and technology, evaluation of service quality and comparative social policy.

• Chapter 1: Long-term care services in Norway – a historical sociological perspective (Karen Christensen and Kari Wærness); Chapter 2: Revisiting the public care model – the Danish case of free choice in home care (Tine Rostgaard); Chapter 3: Organizational trends impacting on everyday realities: the case of Swedish eldercare (Anneli Stranz and Marta Szebehely); Chapter 4: Long-term care reforms in the Netherlands: care work at stake (Barbara Da Roit); Chapter 5: The English social care workforce: the vexed question of low wages and stress (Shereen Hussein); Chapter 6: The personalization and marketization of home care services for older people in England (Kate Baxter); Chapter 7: The development of an ambiguous care work sector in France. Between professionalization and fragmentation (Blanche Le Bihan and Alis Sopadzhiyan); Chapter 8: Care provision inside and outside the professional care system: the case of long-term care insurance in Germany (Hildegard Theobald); Chapter 9: Employing migrant care workers for 24-hour care in private households in Austria: benefits and risks for the long-term care system (August Österle); Chapter 10: Migrant care workers in Italian households: recent trends and future perspectives (Mirko Di Rosa, Francesco Barbabella, Arianna Poli, Sara Santini and Giovanni Lamura); Chapter 11: Post-socialist eldercare in the Czech Republic: institutions, families, and the market (Adéla Souralová and Eva Šlesingerová); Chapter 12: Imbalance between demand and supply of long-term care – the case of post-communist Poland (Stanisława Golinowska and Agnieszka Sowa-Kofta); Chapter 13: Long-term care in Turkey: challenges and opportunities (Sema Oglak); Chapter 14: The emergence of eldercare industry in China – progress and challenges (Xiying Fan, Heying Jenny Zhan and Qi Wang); Chapter 15: Challenges of care work under the new long-term care insurance for elderly people in South Korea (Yongho Chon); Chapter 16: Migrant live-in care workers in Taiwan: multiple roles, cultural functions, and the new division of care labour (Li-Fang Liang); Chapter 17: Has the long-term care insurance contributed to de-familialisation? Familialisation and marketization of eldercare in Japan (Yayoi Saito); Chapter 18: Care robots in Japanese elderly care: cultural values in focus (Nobu Ishiguro); Chapter 19: Long-term services and supports for the elderly in the United States: a complex system of perverse incentives (Candace Howes); Chapter 20: Complexities, tensions, and promising practices: work in Canadian long-term residential care (Pat Armstrong and Tamara Daly); Chapter 21: Reforms to long-term care in Australia: a changing and challenging landscape (Jane Mears); Chapter 22: Facing the challenges of population longevity but not being ready – the case of Argentina (Nélida Redondo); Index

Karen Christensen is Professor of Sociology at the Department of Sociology, University of Bergen, Norway. Her research and publications focus on welfare sociology based on her interests in social care, work, gender and migration. She has led or collaborated on a range of research projects, nationally and internationally, within areas such as elderly care, welfare and disability, comparative social policy, and the lives of migrant care workers. Doria Pilling is a sociologist and Honorary senior research fellow at the School of Health Sciences at City, University of London, UK. She has researched and published on a range of areas, including social disadvantage, case management, disability and employment, disability and technology, evaluation of service quality and comparative social policy.

• Chapter 1: Long-term care services in Norway – a historical sociological perspective (Karen Christensen and Kari Wærness); Chapter 2: Revisiting the public care model – the Danish case of free choice in home care (Tine Rostgaard); Chapter 3: Organizational trends impacting on everyday realities: the case of Swedish eldercare (Anneli Stranz and Marta Szebehely); Chapter 4: Long-term care reforms in the Netherlands: care work at stake (Barbara Da Roit); Chapter 5: The English social care workforce: the vexed question of low wages and stress (Shereen Hussein); Chapter 6: The personalization and marketization of home care services for older people in England (Kate Baxter); Chapter 7: The development of an ambiguous care work sector in France. Between professionalization and fragmentation (Blanche Le Bihan and Alis Sopadzhiyan); Chapter 8: Care provision inside and outside the professional care system: the case of long-term care insurance in Germany (Hildegard Theobald); Chapter 9: Employing migrant care workers for 24-hour care in private households in Austria: benefits and risks for the long-term care system (August Österle); Chapter 10: Migrant care workers in Italian households: recent trends and future perspectives (Mirko Di Rosa, Francesco Barbabella, Arianna Poli, Sara Santini and Giovanni Lamura); Chapter 11: Post-socialist eldercare in the Czech Republic: institutions, families, and the market (Adéla Souralová and Eva Šlesingerová); Chapter 12: Imbalance between demand and supply of long-term care – the case of post-communist Poland (Stanisława Golinowska and Agnieszka Sowa-Kofta); Chapter 13: Long-term care in Turkey: challenges and opportunities (Sema Oglak); Chapter 14: The emergence of eldercare industry in China – progress and challenges (Xiying Fan, Heying Jenny Zhan and Qi Wang); Chapter 15: Challenges of care work under the new long-term care insurance for elderly people in South Korea (Yongho Chon); Chapter 16: Migrant live-in care workers in Taiwan: multiple roles, cultural functions, and the new division of care labour (Li-Fang Liang); Chapter 17: Has the long-term care insurance contributed to de-familialisation? Familialisation and marketization of eldercare in Japan (Yayoi Saito); Chapter 18: Care robots in Japanese elderly care: cultural values in focus (Nobu Ishiguro); Chapter 19: Long-term services and supports for the elderly in the United States: a complex system of perverse incentives (Candace Howes); Chapter 20: Complexities, tensions, and promising practices: work in Canadian long-term residential care (Pat Armstrong and Tamara Daly); Chapter 21: Reforms to long-term care in Australia: a changing and challenging landscape (Jane Mears); Chapter 22: Facing the challenges of population longevity but not being ready – the case of Argentina (Nélida Redondo); Index