Aram Rafaat, PhD, is a freelance researcher and educator. He has published widely in English and Kurdish and is the author of two books, The Kurds in Post-Invasion Iraq and The Shiite’s Position on Kirkuk and Federalism and a number of journal articles.

• Introduction 1. Recognised and Unrecognised Quasi-States 2. The Context of Two Quasi-States in Iraq 3. The Two Contradictory Nationhood Projects in Iraq 4. The Monarchy-Kurds Relations 5. The First Unrecognised Kurdish Quasi-State (1961-1975) 6. The Case of Negative Patronage 7. The Rise and Fall of Kurdish Insurgency (1976-1988) 8. Iraq’s Failure to Govern Kurdistan (1975-1991) 9. The Second Unrecognised Kurdish Quasi-state (1992-2003) 10. The Third Unrecognised Kurdish Quasi-State (Ukq-III) After the 2003 Invasion 11. Oil for External Patronage and Financial Independence 12. Independence Referendum and the Case of Negative Patronage

Aram Rafaat, PhD, is a freelance researcher and educator. He has published widely in English and Kurdish and is the author of two books, The Kurds in Post-Invasion Iraq and The Shiite’s Position on Kirkuk and Federalism and a number of journal articles.

• Introduction 1. Recognised and Unrecognised Quasi-States 2. The Context of Two Quasi-States in Iraq 3. The Two Contradictory Nationhood Projects in Iraq 4. The Monarchy-Kurds Relations 5. The First Unrecognised Kurdish Quasi-State (1961-1975) 6. The Case of Negative Patronage 7. The Rise and Fall of Kurdish Insurgency (1976-1988) 8. Iraq’s Failure to Govern Kurdistan (1975-1991) 9. The Second Unrecognised Kurdish Quasi-state (1992-2003) 10. The Third Unrecognised Kurdish Quasi-State (Ukq-III) After the 2003 Invasion 11. Oil for External Patronage and Financial Independence 12. Independence Referendum and the Case of Negative Patronage

Aram Rafaat, PhD, is a freelance researcher and educator. He has published widely in English and Kurdish and is the author of two books, The Kurds in Post-Invasion Iraq and The Shiite’s Position on Kirkuk and Federalism and a number of journal articles.

• Introduction 1. Recognised and Unrecognised Quasi-States 2. The Context of Two Quasi-States in Iraq 3. The Two Contradictory Nationhood Projects in Iraq 4. The Monarchy-Kurds Relations 5. The First Unrecognised Kurdish Quasi-State (1961-1975) 6. The Case of Negative Patronage 7. The Rise and Fall of Kurdish Insurgency (1976-1988) 8. Iraq’s Failure to Govern Kurdistan (1975-1991) 9. The Second Unrecognised Kurdish Quasi-state (1992-2003) 10. The Third Unrecognised Kurdish Quasi-State (Ukq-III) After the 2003 Invasion 11. Oil for External Patronage and Financial Independence 12. Independence Referendum and the Case of Negative Patronage