Tine Munk is a senior lecturer in the Criminology and Criminal Justice Department at Nottingham Trent University, UK. Tine is predominately teaching and researching cybercrime and cybersecurity. Her overarching research interest is cybercrimes in a political context focusing on these crimes’ power, responses, and impacts.

• 1. Introduction 2. The Growing Online Threat. The Actors 3. Cyber Attacks, Means and Methods 4. Cybersecurity and Strategies 5. Cyberwar and Warfare: State and State-sponsored Attacks 6. Cyberterrorism and Ransomware: State-supported Groups 7. Other Politically Motivated Attacks: Political Activists and Hacktivists 8. Conclusion

Tine Munk is a senior lecturer in the Criminology and Criminal Justice Department at Nottingham Trent University, UK. Tine is predominately teaching and researching cybercrime and cybersecurity. Her overarching research interest is cybercrimes in a political context focusing on these crimes’ power, responses, and impacts.

• 1. Introduction 2. The Growing Online Threat. The Actors 3. Cyber Attacks, Means and Methods 4. Cybersecurity and Strategies 5. Cyberwar and Warfare: State and State-sponsored Attacks 6. Cyberterrorism and Ransomware: State-supported Groups 7. Other Politically Motivated Attacks: Political Activists and Hacktivists 8. Conclusion