Chunlei Guo is a full professor in The Institute of Optics at University of Rochester. He received his Ph.D. in Physics from the University of Connecticut in 1999, and was later named one of the University's “40 Under 40 Outstanding Alumni.” His postdoctoral training was at Los Alamos National Laboratory from 1999 to 2001, where his work was awarded the Postdoctoral Publication Prize in Experimental Sciences. He joined the faculty of University of Rochester in 2001. Dr. Guo is a pioneer in femtosecond laser processing of materials and the study of laser-matter interactions at high intensities. His research includes work on transforming metals into functional materials with desired properties such as being water repellent, water attracting, and highly absorbent, and has been featured by the media, including The New York Times, CNN, Time Magazine, BBC, USA Today, and Newsweek. Professor Guo has taught courses at the undergraduate, graduate, and professional levels, including Principles of Lasers, Optics Laboratory, Optoelectronics: Laser Systems, and Modern Laser Technology. He is an elected Fellow for both American Physical Society and Optical Society of America (OSA). He has authored well over 100 refereed journal articles and has been playing an active role in the scientific community, including as editor of the Nature journal Light: Science & Applications and associate editor of OSA’s Optics Express, and serving on various program and organizing committees.

• ContentsPreface........................................................................................................................................................................................... viiEditors..............................................................................................................................................................................................ixContributors.....................................................................................................................................................................................xi1. Lasers in Metrology: Section Introduction...........................................................................................................................1Julian Jones and Lance Thomas2. Fundamental Length Metrology............................................................................................................................................3Jens Flügge, Stefanie Kroker, and Harald Schnatz3. Laser Velocimetry.................................................................................................................................................................23Cameron Tropea4. Laser Vibrometers.................................................................................................................................................................43Neil A. Halliwell5. Electronic Speckle Pattern Interferometry (ESPI)........................................................................................................... 61Lianxiang Yang and Xinya Gao6. Optical Fibre Hydrophones..................................................................................................................................................81Geoffrey A. Cranch and Philip J. Nash7. Laser Stabilization for Precision Measurements............................................................................................................. 111G. P. Barwood and P. Gill8. Laser Cooling and Trapping..............................................................................................................................................127Charles Adams and Ifan Hughes9. Precision Timekeeping: Optical Atomic Clocks..............................................................................................................139Shimon Kolkowitz and Jun Ye10. Optical Atomic Clock and Laser Applications to Length and Time Metrology...........................................................157Y. Jiang, Y. Huang, and K. Gao11. Gravitation Measurements with Laser Interferometry.................................................................................................. 171Harold V. Parks12. Satellite Laser Ranging...................................................................................................................................................... 181José C. Rodríguez and Graham M. Appleby13. Lasers in Medical: Section Introduction..........................................................................................................................199Terence A. King and Brian C. Wilson14. Light–Tissue Interactions...................................................................................................................................................201Steven Jacques and Michael Patterson15. Ophthalmic Laser Therapy and Surgery.........................................................................................................................227Daniel Palanker16. Therapeutic Application: Refractive Surgery..................................................................................................................243Leonardo Mastropasqua17. Photodynamic Therapy......................................................................................................................................................249Brian C. Wilson and Stephen G. Bown18. Therapeutic Applications: Thermal Treatment of Tumours.......................................................................................... 261Stephen G. Bown19. Therapeutic Applications: Dermatology—Selective Photothermolysis.........................................................................267Sean Lanigan20. Therapeutic Applications: Lasers in Vascular Surgery..................................................................................................273Mahesh Pai21. Therapeutic Applications: Free-Electron Laser..............................................................................................................281E. Duco Jansen, Michael Copeland, Glenn S. Edwards, William Gabella, Karen Joos,Mark A. Mackanos, Jin H. Shen, and Stephen R. Uhlhorn22. Medical Diagnostics............................................................................................................................................................291Brian C. Wilson23. Broad Bandwidth Light Sources in Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT)...............................................................309Jinxin Huang and Jannick P. Rolland24. Laser Applications in Biology and Biotechnology........................................................................................................... 321Sebastian Wachsmann-Hogiu, Alexander J Annala, and Daniel L Farkas25. Biomedical Laser Safety.....................................................................................................................................................345Harry Moseley and Bill Davies26. Laser in Communications: Section Introduction.............................................................................................................365John Marsh, Subhash C. Singh, and Chunlei Guo27. Fibre-to-the-Chip: Development of Vertical Cavity Surface-Emitting Laser ArraysDesigned for Integration with VLSI Circuits...................................................................................................................367Ashok Krishnamoorthy, L. M. F. Chirovsky, K. W. Goosen, J. Lopata, and W. S. Hobson28. Advances in Laser Satellite Communications..................................................................................................................383Hamid Hemmati29. Passive Silicon Photonic Integrated Components and Circuits for Optical Communications...................................397Daoxin Dai, Yiwei Xie, and Yaocheng Shi30. Fibre-Optic Transmission Systems from Chip-to-Chip Interconnects to Trans-Oceanic Cables.............................427Peter J. Winzer31. Visible Light Communications and LiFi..........................................................................................................................443Cheng Chen, Mohamed Sufyan Islim, and Harald Haas32. Optical Data Storage...........................................................................................................................................................463Byoung S. HamIndex.............................................................................................................................................................................................473

Chunlei Guo is a full professor in The Institute of Optics at University of Rochester. He received his Ph.D. in Physics from the University of Connecticut in 1999, and was later named one of the University's “40 Under 40 Outstanding Alumni.” His postdoctoral training was at Los Alamos National Laboratory from 1999 to 2001, where his work was awarded the Postdoctoral Publication Prize in Experimental Sciences. He joined the faculty of University of Rochester in 2001. Dr. Guo is a pioneer in femtosecond laser processing of materials and the study of laser-matter interactions at high intensities. His research includes work on transforming metals into functional materials with desired properties such as being water repellent, water attracting, and highly absorbent, and has been featured by the media, including The New York Times, CNN, Time Magazine, BBC, USA Today, and Newsweek. Professor Guo has taught courses at the undergraduate, graduate, and professional levels, including Principles of Lasers, Optics Laboratory, Optoelectronics: Laser Systems, and Modern Laser Technology. He is an elected Fellow for both American Physical Society and Optical Society of America (OSA). He has authored well over 100 refereed journal articles and has been playing an active role in the scientific community, including as editor of the Nature journal Light: Science & Applications and associate editor of OSA’s Optics Express, and serving on various program and organizing committees.

• ContentsPreface........................................................................................................................................................................................... viiEditors..............................................................................................................................................................................................ixContributors.....................................................................................................................................................................................xi1. Lasers in Metrology: Section Introduction...........................................................................................................................1Julian Jones and Lance Thomas2. Fundamental Length Metrology............................................................................................................................................3Jens Flügge, Stefanie Kroker, and Harald Schnatz3. Laser Velocimetry.................................................................................................................................................................23Cameron Tropea4. Laser Vibrometers.................................................................................................................................................................43Neil A. Halliwell5. Electronic Speckle Pattern Interferometry (ESPI)........................................................................................................... 61Lianxiang Yang and Xinya Gao6. Optical Fibre Hydrophones..................................................................................................................................................81Geoffrey A. Cranch and Philip J. Nash7. Laser Stabilization for Precision Measurements............................................................................................................. 111G. P. Barwood and P. Gill8. Laser Cooling and Trapping..............................................................................................................................................127Charles Adams and Ifan Hughes9. Precision Timekeeping: Optical Atomic Clocks..............................................................................................................139Shimon Kolkowitz and Jun Ye10. Optical Atomic Clock and Laser Applications to Length and Time Metrology...........................................................157Y. Jiang, Y. Huang, and K. Gao11. Gravitation Measurements with Laser Interferometry.................................................................................................. 171Harold V. Parks12. Satellite Laser Ranging...................................................................................................................................................... 181José C. Rodríguez and Graham M. Appleby13. Lasers in Medical: Section Introduction..........................................................................................................................199Terence A. King and Brian C. Wilson14. Light–Tissue Interactions...................................................................................................................................................201Steven Jacques and Michael Patterson15. Ophthalmic Laser Therapy and Surgery.........................................................................................................................227Daniel Palanker16. Therapeutic Application: Refractive Surgery..................................................................................................................243Leonardo Mastropasqua17. Photodynamic Therapy......................................................................................................................................................249Brian C. Wilson and Stephen G. Bown18. Therapeutic Applications: Thermal Treatment of Tumours.......................................................................................... 261Stephen G. Bown19. Therapeutic Applications: Dermatology—Selective Photothermolysis.........................................................................267Sean Lanigan20. Therapeutic Applications: Lasers in Vascular Surgery..................................................................................................273Mahesh Pai21. Therapeutic Applications: Free-Electron Laser..............................................................................................................281E. Duco Jansen, Michael Copeland, Glenn S. Edwards, William Gabella, Karen Joos,Mark A. Mackanos, Jin H. Shen, and Stephen R. Uhlhorn22. Medical Diagnostics............................................................................................................................................................291Brian C. Wilson23. Broad Bandwidth Light Sources in Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT)...............................................................309Jinxin Huang and Jannick P. Rolland24. Laser Applications in Biology and Biotechnology........................................................................................................... 321Sebastian Wachsmann-Hogiu, Alexander J Annala, and Daniel L Farkas25. Biomedical Laser Safety.....................................................................................................................................................345Harry Moseley and Bill Davies26. Laser in Communications: Section Introduction.............................................................................................................365John Marsh, Subhash C. Singh, and Chunlei Guo27. Fibre-to-the-Chip: Development of Vertical Cavity Surface-Emitting Laser ArraysDesigned for Integration with VLSI Circuits...................................................................................................................367Ashok Krishnamoorthy, L. M. F. Chirovsky, K. W. Goosen, J. Lopata, and W. S. Hobson28. Advances in Laser Satellite Communications..................................................................................................................383Hamid Hemmati29. Passive Silicon Photonic Integrated Components and Circuits for Optical Communications...................................397Daoxin Dai, Yiwei Xie, and Yaocheng Shi30. Fibre-Optic Transmission Systems from Chip-to-Chip Interconnects to Trans-Oceanic Cables.............................427Peter J. Winzer31. Visible Light Communications and LiFi..........................................................................................................................443Cheng Chen, Mohamed Sufyan Islim, and Harald Haas32. Optical Data Storage...........................................................................................................................................................463Byoung S. HamIndex.............................................................................................................................................................................................473

Chunlei Guo is a full professor in The Institute of Optics at University of Rochester. He received his Ph.D. in Physics from the University of Connecticut in 1999, and was later named one of the University's “40 Under 40 Outstanding Alumni.” His postdoctoral training was at Los Alamos National Laboratory from 1999 to 2001, where his work was awarded the Postdoctoral Publication Prize in Experimental Sciences. He joined the faculty of University of Rochester in 2001. Dr. Guo is a pioneer in femtosecond laser processing of materials and the study of laser-matter interactions at high intensities. His research includes work on transforming metals into functional materials with desired properties such as being water repellent, water attracting, and highly absorbent, and has been featured by the media, including The New York Times, CNN, Time Magazine, BBC, USA Today, and Newsweek. Professor Guo has taught courses at the undergraduate, graduate, and professional levels, including Principles of Lasers, Optics Laboratory, Optoelectronics: Laser Systems, and Modern Laser Technology. He is an elected Fellow for both American Physical Society and Optical Society of America (OSA). He has authored well over 100 refereed journal articles and has been playing an active role in the scientific community, including as editor of the Nature journal Light: Science & Applications and associate editor of OSA’s Optics Express, and serving on various program and organizing committees.

• ContentsPreface........................................................................................................................................................................................... viiEditors..............................................................................................................................................................................................ixContributors.....................................................................................................................................................................................xi1. Lasers in Metrology: Section Introduction...........................................................................................................................1Julian Jones and Lance Thomas2. Fundamental Length Metrology............................................................................................................................................3Jens Flügge, Stefanie Kroker, and Harald Schnatz3. Laser Velocimetry.................................................................................................................................................................23Cameron Tropea4. Laser Vibrometers.................................................................................................................................................................43Neil A. Halliwell5. Electronic Speckle Pattern Interferometry (ESPI)........................................................................................................... 61Lianxiang Yang and Xinya Gao6. Optical Fibre Hydrophones..................................................................................................................................................81Geoffrey A. Cranch and Philip J. Nash7. Laser Stabilization for Precision Measurements............................................................................................................. 111G. P. Barwood and P. Gill8. Laser Cooling and Trapping..............................................................................................................................................127Charles Adams and Ifan Hughes9. Precision Timekeeping: Optical Atomic Clocks..............................................................................................................139Shimon Kolkowitz and Jun Ye10. Optical Atomic Clock and Laser Applications to Length and Time Metrology...........................................................157Y. Jiang, Y. Huang, and K. Gao11. Gravitation Measurements with Laser Interferometry.................................................................................................. 171Harold V. Parks12. Satellite Laser Ranging...................................................................................................................................................... 181José C. Rodríguez and Graham M. Appleby13. Lasers in Medical: Section Introduction..........................................................................................................................199Terence A. King and Brian C. Wilson14. Light–Tissue Interactions...................................................................................................................................................201Steven Jacques and Michael Patterson15. Ophthalmic Laser Therapy and Surgery.........................................................................................................................227Daniel Palanker16. Therapeutic Application: Refractive Surgery..................................................................................................................243Leonardo Mastropasqua17. Photodynamic Therapy......................................................................................................................................................249Brian C. Wilson and Stephen G. Bown18. Therapeutic Applications: Thermal Treatment of Tumours.......................................................................................... 261Stephen G. Bown19. Therapeutic Applications: Dermatology—Selective Photothermolysis.........................................................................267Sean Lanigan20. Therapeutic Applications: Lasers in Vascular Surgery..................................................................................................273Mahesh Pai21. Therapeutic Applications: Free-Electron Laser..............................................................................................................281E. Duco Jansen, Michael Copeland, Glenn S. Edwards, William Gabella, Karen Joos,Mark A. Mackanos, Jin H. Shen, and Stephen R. Uhlhorn22. Medical Diagnostics............................................................................................................................................................291Brian C. Wilson23. Broad Bandwidth Light Sources in Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT)...............................................................309Jinxin Huang and Jannick P. Rolland24. Laser Applications in Biology and Biotechnology........................................................................................................... 321Sebastian Wachsmann-Hogiu, Alexander J Annala, and Daniel L Farkas25. Biomedical Laser Safety.....................................................................................................................................................345Harry Moseley and Bill Davies26. Laser in Communications: Section Introduction.............................................................................................................365John Marsh, Subhash C. Singh, and Chunlei Guo27. Fibre-to-the-Chip: Development of Vertical Cavity Surface-Emitting Laser ArraysDesigned for Integration with VLSI Circuits...................................................................................................................367Ashok Krishnamoorthy, L. M. F. Chirovsky, K. W. Goosen, J. Lopata, and W. S. Hobson28. Advances in Laser Satellite Communications..................................................................................................................383Hamid Hemmati29. Passive Silicon Photonic Integrated Components and Circuits for Optical Communications...................................397Daoxin Dai, Yiwei Xie, and Yaocheng Shi30. Fibre-Optic Transmission Systems from Chip-to-Chip Interconnects to Trans-Oceanic Cables.............................427Peter J. Winzer31. Visible Light Communications and LiFi..........................................................................................................................443Cheng Chen, Mohamed Sufyan Islim, and Harald Haas32. Optical Data Storage...........................................................................................................................................................463Byoung S. HamIndex.............................................................................................................................................................................................473