Francesco Cavatorta is professor of political science and director of the Interdisciplinary Research Centre on Africa and the Middle East (CIRAM) at Laval University in Quebec, Canada. His research focuses on dynamics of democratization and authoritarianism, political parties, and social movements in the Arab world. Lise Storm is Senior Lecturer in Middle East Politics and Director of the new Center for Middle East Politics at the University of Exeter. Her research focuses on democratisation, political parties, and the state of democracy in the Middle East and North Africa. Valeria Resta completed her PhD at the University of Milan and is an adjunct professor at the Catholic University of the Sacred Heart and at Bocconi University. Her research focuses on the functioning of political parties in authoritarian and transitional settings of the Arab World. Her latest works have appeared in Politics and Religion and in the Italian Political Science Review.

• Notes on contributors 1. Political parties in the MENA: an Introduction Raymond Hinnebusch, Francesco Cavatorta and Lise Storm Part 1: Party Families 2. The Rise and Fall of the Arab Left Idriss Jebari 3. The Establishment and Success of Islamist Parties Tahir Kilavuz 4. New Kids on the Block: Salafi Parties Massimo Ramaioli 5. Inheriting the Past: Trajectories of Single Parties in Arab Republics Kevin Koehler 6. Liberal-secular Parties in Arab Political Systems Inmaculada Szmolka 7. Personalism in MENA Politics: the Case of Tunisia Giulia Cimini Part 2: Political parties in authoritarian settings 8. Political Parties under Competitive Authoritarianism Lise Storm 9. Political Intermediation in the Arabian peninsula: Partisan Organisations, Elections and Representation in Bahrain, Kuwait and Yemen Hendrik Kraetzschmar 10. Pawns in the Army’s Hands: Political Parties in Military-dominated Regimes Jan Claudius Völkel 11. Party Politics in the Islamic Republic of Iran Paola Rivetti 12. Coping with Occupation: Hamas and Governing Gaza Martin Kear Part 3: Political parties in democratic settings 13. The Delegitimation of Political Parties in Democratic Tunisia Maryam Ben Salem 14. Consociationalism and Political Parties in the Middle East: the Case of Lebanon Tamirace Fakhoury and Fidaa al Fakih 15. Dominance and democratic backsliding under AKP rule in Turkey Sebnem Gumuscu 16. ‘Conventio ad Excludendum’: Palestinian Parties in Israel Isaias Barreñada 17. Party Politics in Quasi-states: Iraqi Kurdistan Irene Costantini and Dylan O’Driscoll Part 4: Political Parties and Social Constituencies 18. Youth Activism and Political Parties Kressen Thyen 19. Tribes and Political Parties in the Contemporary Arab World Eleanor Gao 20. The Role of Women in Arab Political Parties Lindsay Benstead 21. Shi’a Islamist Parties in Iraq: From Opposition to Governance Harith Hasan 22. Armenian Political Parties in Lebanon: Functions and Survival Strategies Daria Vorobyeva 23. The Workers and the Left are not one Hand: Insights from Algeria Gianni Del Panta 24. Urban Bias, Rural Embeddedness: Using the Rural-urban Divide to Explain Political Party Organizational and Ideological Development in the MENA Matt Buehler and Allison Critcher Part 5: Political parties and policy positions 25. Political Parties and Neo-liberal Economics Samir Amghar 26. ‘The Terminal’: Political Parties and Identity Issues in the Arab World Valeria Resta 27. Islamist Political Parties, International Relations and Foreign Policy: Historical Overview and Theoretical Insights Mohamed-Ali Adraoui 28. Between the Battlefield and the Ballot Box: Armed Political Parties in the Middle East Marina Calculli

Francesco Cavatorta is professor of political science and director of the Interdisciplinary Research Centre on Africa and the Middle East (CIRAM) at Laval University in Quebec, Canada. His research focuses on dynamics of democratization and authoritarianism, political parties, and social movements in the Arab world. Lise Storm is Senior Lecturer in Middle East Politics and Director of the new Center for Middle East Politics at the University of Exeter. Her research focuses on democratisation, political parties, and the state of democracy in the Middle East and North Africa. Valeria Resta completed her PhD at the University of Milan and is an adjunct professor at the Catholic University of the Sacred Heart and at Bocconi University. Her research focuses on the functioning of political parties in authoritarian and transitional settings of the Arab World. Her latest works have appeared in Politics and Religion and in the Italian Political Science Review.

• Notes on contributors 1. Political parties in the MENA: an Introduction Raymond Hinnebusch, Francesco Cavatorta and Lise Storm Part 1: Party Families 2. The Rise and Fall of the Arab Left Idriss Jebari 3. The Establishment and Success of Islamist Parties Tahir Kilavuz 4. New Kids on the Block: Salafi Parties Massimo Ramaioli 5. Inheriting the Past: Trajectories of Single Parties in Arab Republics Kevin Koehler 6. Liberal-secular Parties in Arab Political Systems Inmaculada Szmolka 7. Personalism in MENA Politics: the Case of Tunisia Giulia Cimini Part 2: Political parties in authoritarian settings 8. Political Parties under Competitive Authoritarianism Lise Storm 9. Political Intermediation in the Arabian peninsula: Partisan Organisations, Elections and Representation in Bahrain, Kuwait and Yemen Hendrik Kraetzschmar 10. Pawns in the Army’s Hands: Political Parties in Military-dominated Regimes Jan Claudius Völkel 11. Party Politics in the Islamic Republic of Iran Paola Rivetti 12. Coping with Occupation: Hamas and Governing Gaza Martin Kear Part 3: Political parties in democratic settings 13. The Delegitimation of Political Parties in Democratic Tunisia Maryam Ben Salem 14. Consociationalism and Political Parties in the Middle East: the Case of Lebanon Tamirace Fakhoury and Fidaa al Fakih 15. Dominance and democratic backsliding under AKP rule in Turkey Sebnem Gumuscu 16. ‘Conventio ad Excludendum’: Palestinian Parties in Israel Isaias Barreñada 17. Party Politics in Quasi-states: Iraqi Kurdistan Irene Costantini and Dylan O’Driscoll Part 4: Political Parties and Social Constituencies 18. Youth Activism and Political Parties Kressen Thyen 19. Tribes and Political Parties in the Contemporary Arab World Eleanor Gao 20. The Role of Women in Arab Political Parties Lindsay Benstead 21. Shi’a Islamist Parties in Iraq: From Opposition to Governance Harith Hasan 22. Armenian Political Parties in Lebanon: Functions and Survival Strategies Daria Vorobyeva 23. The Workers and the Left are not one Hand: Insights from Algeria Gianni Del Panta 24. Urban Bias, Rural Embeddedness: Using the Rural-urban Divide to Explain Political Party Organizational and Ideological Development in the MENA Matt Buehler and Allison Critcher Part 5: Political parties and policy positions 25. Political Parties and Neo-liberal Economics Samir Amghar 26. ‘The Terminal’: Political Parties and Identity Issues in the Arab World Valeria Resta 27. Islamist Political Parties, International Relations and Foreign Policy: Historical Overview and Theoretical Insights Mohamed-Ali Adraoui 28. Between the Battlefield and the Ballot Box: Armed Political Parties in the Middle East Marina Calculli

Francesco Cavatorta is professor of political science and director of the Interdisciplinary Research Centre on Africa and the Middle East (CIRAM) at Laval University in Quebec, Canada. His research focuses on dynamics of democratization and authoritarianism, political parties, and social movements in the Arab world. Lise Storm is Senior Lecturer in Middle East Politics and Director of the new Center for Middle East Politics at the University of Exeter. Her research focuses on democratisation, political parties, and the state of democracy in the Middle East and North Africa. Valeria Resta completed her PhD at the University of Milan and is an adjunct professor at the Catholic University of the Sacred Heart and at Bocconi University. Her research focuses on the functioning of political parties in authoritarian and transitional settings of the Arab World. Her latest works have appeared in Politics and Religion and in the Italian Political Science Review.

• Notes on contributors 1. Political parties in the MENA: an Introduction Raymond Hinnebusch, Francesco Cavatorta and Lise Storm Part 1: Party Families 2. The Rise and Fall of the Arab Left Idriss Jebari 3. The Establishment and Success of Islamist Parties Tahir Kilavuz 4. New Kids on the Block: Salafi Parties Massimo Ramaioli 5. Inheriting the Past: Trajectories of Single Parties in Arab Republics Kevin Koehler 6. Liberal-secular Parties in Arab Political Systems Inmaculada Szmolka 7. Personalism in MENA Politics: the Case of Tunisia Giulia Cimini Part 2: Political parties in authoritarian settings 8. Political Parties under Competitive Authoritarianism Lise Storm 9. Political Intermediation in the Arabian peninsula: Partisan Organisations, Elections and Representation in Bahrain, Kuwait and Yemen Hendrik Kraetzschmar 10. Pawns in the Army’s Hands: Political Parties in Military-dominated Regimes Jan Claudius Völkel 11. Party Politics in the Islamic Republic of Iran Paola Rivetti 12. Coping with Occupation: Hamas and Governing Gaza Martin Kear Part 3: Political parties in democratic settings 13. The Delegitimation of Political Parties in Democratic Tunisia Maryam Ben Salem 14. Consociationalism and Political Parties in the Middle East: the Case of Lebanon Tamirace Fakhoury and Fidaa al Fakih 15. Dominance and democratic backsliding under AKP rule in Turkey Sebnem Gumuscu 16. ‘Conventio ad Excludendum’: Palestinian Parties in Israel Isaias Barreñada 17. Party Politics in Quasi-states: Iraqi Kurdistan Irene Costantini and Dylan O’Driscoll Part 4: Political Parties and Social Constituencies 18. Youth Activism and Political Parties Kressen Thyen 19. Tribes and Political Parties in the Contemporary Arab World Eleanor Gao 20. The Role of Women in Arab Political Parties Lindsay Benstead 21. Shi’a Islamist Parties in Iraq: From Opposition to Governance Harith Hasan 22. Armenian Political Parties in Lebanon: Functions and Survival Strategies Daria Vorobyeva 23. The Workers and the Left are not one Hand: Insights from Algeria Gianni Del Panta 24. Urban Bias, Rural Embeddedness: Using the Rural-urban Divide to Explain Political Party Organizational and Ideological Development in the MENA Matt Buehler and Allison Critcher Part 5: Political parties and policy positions 25. Political Parties and Neo-liberal Economics Samir Amghar 26. ‘The Terminal’: Political Parties and Identity Issues in the Arab World Valeria Resta 27. Islamist Political Parties, International Relations and Foreign Policy: Historical Overview and Theoretical Insights Mohamed-Ali Adraoui 28. Between the Battlefield and the Ballot Box: Armed Political Parties in the Middle East Marina Calculli