Europa Publications’ regional publications are compiled by a team of editors and researchers, with introductory and country-specific material provided by specialists in their field:Reem Ahmed. Researcher, Institute for Peace Research and Security Policy, University of Hamburg, Germany.Jussi Ahokas. Chief Economist, SOSTE (Finnish Federation for Social Affairs and Health), Helsinki, Finland.Michael Baum. Director of Global Education Office and Professor Catedrático Convidado, Faculty of Human Sciences, Catholic University of Portugal, Lisbon, Portugal.Lino Briguglio. Professor of Economics, and Director, Islands and Small States Institute, University of Malta, Malta.Manuela Caiani. Associate Professor, Department of Political and Social Sciences, Scuola Normale Superiore, Florence, Italy.Alexander Caviedes. Director, Academic Advisement and Information Center, Farmingdale State College, State University of New York, USA.Günther K. Chaloupek. Former Director of Economic Policy Section, Austrian Chamber of Labour, Vienna, Austria.Jacob Christensen. Senior Lecturer, Department of Social Work and Administration, University College Lillebaelt, Odense, Denmark.Clive H. Church. Emeritus Professor of European Studies, University of Kent, Canterbury, United Kingdom.John Coakley. Professor, School of History, Anthropology, Philosophy and Politics, Queen’s University Belfast, United Kingdom, and Fellow of the Geary Institute for Public Policy, University College Dublin, Ireland.Barry Colfer. Research Fellow, St Edmund’s College, Cambridge, United Kingdom, Researcher DIGIPAL project, Politecnico di Torino, Italy, and Research Fellow, The Institute for the Future of Work, London, United Kingdom.Andrew Cottey. Senior Lecturer and Jean Monnet Chair in European Political Integration, Department of Government and Politics, University College Cork, Ireland.Xavier Cuadras Morató. Associate Professor, Department of Economics and Business, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain.Elena Danescu. Research Scientist, Luxembourg Centre for Contemporary and Digital History, University of Luxembourg, Luxembourg.Jakob de Haan. Professor of Political Economy, University of Groningen, Netherlands. Nicholas Dickinson. Bingham Early Career Fellow in Constitutional Studies, Balliol College, University of Oxford, United Kingdom.Richard Gillespie. Emeritus Professor of Politics, University of Liverpool, United Kingdom.Rögnvaldur Hannesson. Professor Emeritus, Norwegian School of Economics, Bergen, Norway.Anna-Lena Högenauer. Assistant Professor, Department of Social Sciences, University of Luxembourg, Luxembourg. Mikko Kuisma. Program Lead and Lecturer, University of Tübingen, Germany.Mart Kuldkepp. Associate Professor of Scandinavian History and Politics, Department of Scandinavian Studies/ European Social and Political Studies, University College London, United Kingdom.David Lea. Writer and analyst on European political and economic affairs.Miguel Lebre de Freitas. Assistant Professor, Nova School of Business and Economics and University of Aveiro, Portugal.Robert E. Looney. Distinguished Professor, Naval Postgraduate School, Monterey, CA, USA, and international consultant specializing in economic development.Kurt Richard Luther. Emeritus Professor of Comparative Politics, Keele University, United Kingdom, and Visiting Professor, Tongji University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China.Gylfi Magnússon. Professor, Finance and Economics, School of Business, University of Iceland, Reykjavík, Iceland.Lars Magnusson. Professor in Economic History, Department of Economic History, Uppsala University, Sweden.Susan Milner. Professor of European Politics and Society, Department of Politics, Languages and International Studies, University of Bath, United Kingdom.Tommy Möller. Professor of Political Science, Stockholm University, Sweden.Brendan Moore. Senior Research Associate, Centre for Climate Change and Social Transformations, University of East Anglia, United Kingdom.Anthony Mughan. Emeritus Professor of Political Science, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.James L. Newell. Co-Editor of Contemporary Italian Politics, Routledge, United Kingdom.Stefanía Óskarsdóttir. Associate Professor, University of Iceland, Reykjavík, Iceland.William E. Paterson. Honorary Professor of German and European Politics, Aston Centre for Europe, Aston University, Birmingham, United Kingdom.Godfrey A. Pirotta. Professor of Government and Policy Studies, and Chairperson, Mediterranean Academy of Diplomatic Studies, University of Malta, Malta.Daniela Pisoiu. Senior Researcher, Austrian Institute for International Affairs, Vienna, Austria.Christian Schweiger. Visiting Professor and Chair, Comparative European Governance Systems, Institute for Political Science, Chemnitz University of Technology, Germany.James Shields. Honorary Professor in French Studies, University of Warwick, United Kingdom.Tobias Straumann. Senior Lecturer of Economic History, University of Zurich, Switzerland.Paul Tobin. Senior Lecturer, Department of Politics, University of Manchester, United Kingdom.Francisco Torres. Visiting Professor, Católica Lisbon School of Business and Economics, Portugal.Steven B. Wolinetz. Professor Emeritus, Department of Political Science, Memorial University of Newfoundland, Canada.

• PART ONE General SurveyThe European Union Response to COVID-19: A Shot in the Arm for IntegrationBARRY COLFERWestern Europe, the European Union and the Eurozone Economic PerspectivesCHRISTIAN SCHWEIGER European Foreign and Security PolicyANDREW COTTEY Environmental Policy in Western EuropePAUL TOBIN and BRENDAN MOORE The Challenges of Internal and External Migration in EuropeALEXANDER CAVIEDES Parties, Politics and Populism in Western EuropeMANUELA CAIANIIslam and Western EuropeREEM AHMED and DANIELA PISOIU PART TWO Country SurveysSections on geography, history, chronology and economy, as well as statistical surveys, directories and bibliographies for each countryANDORRA AUSTRIAHistory KURT RICHARD LUTHER Economy GÜNTHER K. CHALOUPEK BELGIUMHistory ANTHONY MUGHAN Economy DAVID LEA DENMARKHistory JACOB CHRISTENSEN Economy ROBERT E. LOONEY DANISH EXTERNAL TERRITORIESTHE FAROE ISLANDS GREENLANDFINLANDHistory MIKKO KUISMA Economy JUSSI AHOKAS FINNISH EXTERNAL TERRITORYTHE ÅLAND ISLANDS FRANCEHistory JAMES SHIELDS Economy SUSAN MILNER GERMANYHistory WILLIAM E. PATERSON Economy CHRISTIAN SCHWEIGER ICELANDHistory STEFANIA OSKARSDOTTIR Economy GYLFI MAGNUSSON IRELANDHistory JOHN COAKLEY Economy DAVID LEA ITALYHistory JAMES L. NEWELL Economy ROBERT E. LOONEY LIECHTENSTEIN LUXEMBOURGHistory ANNA-LENA HÖGENAUER Economy ELENA DANESCU MALTAHistory GODFREY A. PIROTTA Economy LINO BRIGUGLIO MONACO THE NETHERLANDSHistory STEVEN B. WOLINETZ Economy JAKOB DE HAAN NORWAYHistory MART KULDKEPP Economy RÖGNVALDUR HANNESSON NORWEGIAN EXTERNAL TERRITORIESSVALBARD JAN MAYEN PORTUGALHistory STEWART LLOYD-JONES and MICHAEL BAUM Economy MIGUEL LEBRE DE FREITAS and FRANCISCO TORRES SAN MARINOSPAINHistory RICHARD GILLESPIE Economy XAVIER CUADRAS MORATO SWEDENHistory TOMMY MÖLLER Economy LARS MAGNUSSON SWITZERLANDHistory CLIVE H. CHURCH Economy TOBIAS STRAUMANN THE UNITED KINGDOMHistory NICHOLAS DICKINSON Economy ROBERT E. LOONEY UNITED KINGDOM CROWN DEPENDENCIESTHE CHANNEL ISLANDS Guernsey Islands of the Bailiwick of Guernsey Jersey THE ISLE OF MAN UNITED KINGDOM OVERSEAS TERRITORYGIBRALTAR THE VATICAN CITY PART THREE Regional InformationRESEARCH INSTITUTES SELECT BIBLIOGRAPHY (BOOKS) SELECT BIBLIOGRAPHY (PERIODICALS)

Europa Publications’ regional publications are compiled by a team of editors and researchers, with introductory and country-specific material provided by specialists in their field:Reem Ahmed. Researcher, Institute for Peace Research and Security Policy, University of Hamburg, Germany.Jussi Ahokas. Chief Economist, SOSTE (Finnish Federation for Social Affairs and Health), Helsinki, Finland.Michael Baum. Director of Global Education Office and Professor Catedrático Convidado, Faculty of Human Sciences, Catholic University of Portugal, Lisbon, Portugal.Lino Briguglio. Professor of Economics, and Director, Islands and Small States Institute, University of Malta, Malta.Manuela Caiani. Associate Professor, Department of Political and Social Sciences, Scuola Normale Superiore, Florence, Italy.Alexander Caviedes. Director, Academic Advisement and Information Center, Farmingdale State College, State University of New York, USA.Günther K. Chaloupek. Former Director of Economic Policy Section, Austrian Chamber of Labour, Vienna, Austria.Jacob Christensen. Senior Lecturer, Department of Social Work and Administration, University College Lillebaelt, Odense, Denmark.Clive H. Church. Emeritus Professor of European Studies, University of Kent, Canterbury, United Kingdom.John Coakley. Professor, School of History, Anthropology, Philosophy and Politics, Queen’s University Belfast, United Kingdom, and Fellow of the Geary Institute for Public Policy, University College Dublin, Ireland.Barry Colfer. Research Fellow, St Edmund’s College, Cambridge, United Kingdom, Researcher DIGIPAL project, Politecnico di Torino, Italy, and Research Fellow, The Institute for the Future of Work, London, United Kingdom.Andrew Cottey. Senior Lecturer and Jean Monnet Chair in European Political Integration, Department of Government and Politics, University College Cork, Ireland.Xavier Cuadras Morató. Associate Professor, Department of Economics and Business, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain.Elena Danescu. Research Scientist, Luxembourg Centre for Contemporary and Digital History, University of Luxembourg, Luxembourg.Jakob de Haan. Professor of Political Economy, University of Groningen, Netherlands. Nicholas Dickinson. Bingham Early Career Fellow in Constitutional Studies, Balliol College, University of Oxford, United Kingdom.Richard Gillespie. Emeritus Professor of Politics, University of Liverpool, United Kingdom.Rögnvaldur Hannesson. Professor Emeritus, Norwegian School of Economics, Bergen, Norway.Anna-Lena Högenauer. Assistant Professor, Department of Social Sciences, University of Luxembourg, Luxembourg. Mikko Kuisma. Program Lead and Lecturer, University of Tübingen, Germany.Mart Kuldkepp. Associate Professor of Scandinavian History and Politics, Department of Scandinavian Studies/ European Social and Political Studies, University College London, United Kingdom.David Lea. Writer and analyst on European political and economic affairs.Miguel Lebre de Freitas. Assistant Professor, Nova School of Business and Economics and University of Aveiro, Portugal.Robert E. Looney. Distinguished Professor, Naval Postgraduate School, Monterey, CA, USA, and international consultant specializing in economic development.Kurt Richard Luther. Emeritus Professor of Comparative Politics, Keele University, United Kingdom, and Visiting Professor, Tongji University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China.Gylfi Magnússon. Professor, Finance and Economics, School of Business, University of Iceland, Reykjavík, Iceland.Lars Magnusson. Professor in Economic History, Department of Economic History, Uppsala University, Sweden.Susan Milner. Professor of European Politics and Society, Department of Politics, Languages and International Studies, University of Bath, United Kingdom.Tommy Möller. Professor of Political Science, Stockholm University, Sweden.Brendan Moore. Senior Research Associate, Centre for Climate Change and Social Transformations, University of East Anglia, United Kingdom.Anthony Mughan. Emeritus Professor of Political Science, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.James L. Newell. Co-Editor of Contemporary Italian Politics, Routledge, United Kingdom.Stefanía Óskarsdóttir. Associate Professor, University of Iceland, Reykjavík, Iceland.William E. Paterson. Honorary Professor of German and European Politics, Aston Centre for Europe, Aston University, Birmingham, United Kingdom.Godfrey A. Pirotta. Professor of Government and Policy Studies, and Chairperson, Mediterranean Academy of Diplomatic Studies, University of Malta, Malta.Daniela Pisoiu. Senior Researcher, Austrian Institute for International Affairs, Vienna, Austria.Christian Schweiger. Visiting Professor and Chair, Comparative European Governance Systems, Institute for Political Science, Chemnitz University of Technology, Germany.James Shields. Honorary Professor in French Studies, University of Warwick, United Kingdom.Tobias Straumann. Senior Lecturer of Economic History, University of Zurich, Switzerland.Paul Tobin. Senior Lecturer, Department of Politics, University of Manchester, United Kingdom.Francisco Torres. Visiting Professor, Católica Lisbon School of Business and Economics, Portugal.Steven B. Wolinetz. Professor Emeritus, Department of Political Science, Memorial University of Newfoundland, Canada.

• PART ONE General SurveyThe European Union Response to COVID-19: A Shot in the Arm for IntegrationBARRY COLFERWestern Europe, the European Union and the Eurozone Economic PerspectivesCHRISTIAN SCHWEIGER European Foreign and Security PolicyANDREW COTTEY Environmental Policy in Western EuropePAUL TOBIN and BRENDAN MOORE The Challenges of Internal and External Migration in EuropeALEXANDER CAVIEDES Parties, Politics and Populism in Western EuropeMANUELA CAIANIIslam and Western EuropeREEM AHMED and DANIELA PISOIU PART TWO Country SurveysSections on geography, history, chronology and economy, as well as statistical surveys, directories and bibliographies for each countryANDORRA AUSTRIAHistory KURT RICHARD LUTHER Economy GÜNTHER K. CHALOUPEK BELGIUMHistory ANTHONY MUGHAN Economy DAVID LEA DENMARKHistory JACOB CHRISTENSEN Economy ROBERT E. LOONEY DANISH EXTERNAL TERRITORIESTHE FAROE ISLANDS GREENLANDFINLANDHistory MIKKO KUISMA Economy JUSSI AHOKAS FINNISH EXTERNAL TERRITORYTHE ÅLAND ISLANDS FRANCEHistory JAMES SHIELDS Economy SUSAN MILNER GERMANYHistory WILLIAM E. PATERSON Economy CHRISTIAN SCHWEIGER ICELANDHistory STEFANIA OSKARSDOTTIR Economy GYLFI MAGNUSSON IRELANDHistory JOHN COAKLEY Economy DAVID LEA ITALYHistory JAMES L. NEWELL Economy ROBERT E. LOONEY LIECHTENSTEIN LUXEMBOURGHistory ANNA-LENA HÖGENAUER Economy ELENA DANESCU MALTAHistory GODFREY A. PIROTTA Economy LINO BRIGUGLIO MONACO THE NETHERLANDSHistory STEVEN B. WOLINETZ Economy JAKOB DE HAAN NORWAYHistory MART KULDKEPP Economy RÖGNVALDUR HANNESSON NORWEGIAN EXTERNAL TERRITORIESSVALBARD JAN MAYEN PORTUGALHistory STEWART LLOYD-JONES and MICHAEL BAUM Economy MIGUEL LEBRE DE FREITAS and FRANCISCO TORRES SAN MARINOSPAINHistory RICHARD GILLESPIE Economy XAVIER CUADRAS MORATO SWEDENHistory TOMMY MÖLLER Economy LARS MAGNUSSON SWITZERLANDHistory CLIVE H. CHURCH Economy TOBIAS STRAUMANN THE UNITED KINGDOMHistory NICHOLAS DICKINSON Economy ROBERT E. LOONEY UNITED KINGDOM CROWN DEPENDENCIESTHE CHANNEL ISLANDS Guernsey Islands of the Bailiwick of Guernsey Jersey THE ISLE OF MAN UNITED KINGDOM OVERSEAS TERRITORYGIBRALTAR THE VATICAN CITY PART THREE Regional InformationRESEARCH INSTITUTES SELECT BIBLIOGRAPHY (BOOKS) SELECT BIBLIOGRAPHY (PERIODICALS)