Darrell L. Ross, Ph.D. is a Professor and Department Head of Sociology, Anthropology, and Criminal Justice, and the Director of the Center for Applied Social Sciences (CASS) at Valdosta State University. Ross worked for the Michigan Department of Corrections as an officer, cell block supervisor of mentally impaired prisoners, probation officer, and instructor in the training academy. He also taught in the Police Academy at Ferris State University as a certified instructor, teaching subject control techniques, human factors, mechanics of arrest, and responding to the mentally ill person. He served as the Director of the School of Law Enforcement and Justice Administration at Western Illinois University and was a professor in the Criminal Justice Program at East Carolina University. Ross has published five books and more than 120 articles, book chapters, and monographs on the use of force, stress, and human factors during use of force incidents, liability issues, officer-involved shootings, excited delirium syndrome, prone restraint and asphyxiation, sudden arrest-related deaths, and custodial suicides. Ross has provided technical assistance and consultation to local, county, state, federal, and private criminal justice agencies nationally and internationally, as well as to various branches of the military. He regularly provides training to line-level officers and administrators and makes presentations at national and international conferences on officer and supervisor liability issues, officer-involved shootings and investigations, use of force issues, sudden arrest-related deaths, and custodial deaths. Since 1987 Ross has provided expert witness services regarding these and other topics.

"Dr. Ross’s book teaches law enforcement agencies how to see operations through the lens of risk. Now for every training event or planned operation we identify the risks and the control measures to counter them. The end result: we have seen a remarkable reduction in consequences of legal liability, and better officer performance and perceived professionalism from the community."Jim A. Blocker, Chief of Police, Battle Creek, Michigan "Dr. Ross provides the ‘A to Z’ reference book for civil liability in a criminal justice setting, whether it be day to day policing or overseeing offenders in correctional institutions. A practical, subject-by-subject guide, this book gives clear data and reasoning behind civil liability, what drives it and how to mitigate it. The final chapter clearly sets out trends based on law and recent Court decisions. A must read, this book should be in the hands of every American criminal justice executive."Jim Ferraris, Chief of Police, Woodburn, Oregon, Police Department"This text discusses complex concepts and principles in easily understood language. It is thoroughly researched and well organized. Readers will learn duties and responsibilities that are owed to all and strategies to prevent harms and avoid or limit exposure to civil liability."Andrew Fulkerson, J.D., Ph.D., Professor, Southeast Missouri State University; former judge and prosecuting attorney, State of Arkansas

• PrefaceAcknowledgments 1. Overview of Civil Liability2. Foundations for Liability3. Civil Liability under State and Federal Tort Law4. Civil Liability and Federal Law: Section 1983 Litigation5. Defenses to Civil Litigation and Risk Management6. Administration and Supervisory Liability7. Liability for Failure to Train8. Operating Criminal Justice Agencies under Consent Decree 9. Personnel Issues and Liability10. Use of Force in Law Enforcement and Corrections11. Section 1983 and Correctional Liability Issues12. Section 1983 Actions in Law Enforcement13. Liability and Arrest-related Deaths14. Liability and Suicides in DetentionTable of CasesIndex

Darrell L. Ross, Ph.D. is a Professor and Department Head of Sociology, Anthropology, and Criminal Justice, and the Director of the Center for Applied Social Sciences (CASS) at Valdosta State University. Ross worked for the Michigan Department of Corrections as an officer, cell block supervisor of mentally impaired prisoners, probation officer, and instructor in the training academy. He also taught in the Police Academy at Ferris State University as a certified instructor, teaching subject control techniques, human factors, mechanics of arrest, and responding to the mentally ill person. He served as the Director of the School of Law Enforcement and Justice Administration at Western Illinois University and was a professor in the Criminal Justice Program at East Carolina University. Ross has published five books and more than 120 articles, book chapters, and monographs on the use of force, stress, and human factors during use of force incidents, liability issues, officer-involved shootings, excited delirium syndrome, prone restraint and asphyxiation, sudden arrest-related deaths, and custodial suicides. Ross has provided technical assistance and consultation to local, county, state, federal, and private criminal justice agencies nationally and internationally, as well as to various branches of the military. He regularly provides training to line-level officers and administrators and makes presentations at national and international conferences on officer and supervisor liability issues, officer-involved shootings and investigations, use of force issues, sudden arrest-related deaths, and custodial deaths. Since 1987 Ross has provided expert witness services regarding these and other topics.

"Dr. Ross’s book teaches law enforcement agencies how to see operations through the lens of risk. Now for every training event or planned operation we identify the risks and the control measures to counter them. The end result: we have seen a remarkable reduction in consequences of legal liability, and better officer performance and perceived professionalism from the community."Jim A. Blocker, Chief of Police, Battle Creek, Michigan "Dr. Ross provides the ‘A to Z’ reference book for civil liability in a criminal justice setting, whether it be day to day policing or overseeing offenders in correctional institutions. A practical, subject-by-subject guide, this book gives clear data and reasoning behind civil liability, what drives it and how to mitigate it. The final chapter clearly sets out trends based on law and recent Court decisions. A must read, this book should be in the hands of every American criminal justice executive."Jim Ferraris, Chief of Police, Woodburn, Oregon, Police Department"This text discusses complex concepts and principles in easily understood language. It is thoroughly researched and well organized. Readers will learn duties and responsibilities that are owed to all and strategies to prevent harms and avoid or limit exposure to civil liability."Andrew Fulkerson, J.D., Ph.D., Professor, Southeast Missouri State University; former judge and prosecuting attorney, State of Arkansas

• PrefaceAcknowledgments 1. Overview of Civil Liability2. Foundations for Liability3. Civil Liability under State and Federal Tort Law4. Civil Liability and Federal Law: Section 1983 Litigation5. Defenses to Civil Litigation and Risk Management6. Administration and Supervisory Liability7. Liability for Failure to Train8. Operating Criminal Justice Agencies under Consent Decree 9. Personnel Issues and Liability10. Use of Force in Law Enforcement and Corrections11. Section 1983 and Correctional Liability Issues12. Section 1983 Actions in Law Enforcement13. Liability and Arrest-related Deaths14. Liability and Suicides in DetentionTable of CasesIndex

Darrell L. Ross, Ph.D. is a Professor and Department Head of Sociology, Anthropology, and Criminal Justice, and the Director of the Center for Applied Social Sciences (CASS) at Valdosta State University. Ross worked for the Michigan Department of Corrections as an officer, cell block supervisor of mentally impaired prisoners, probation officer, and instructor in the training academy. He also taught in the Police Academy at Ferris State University as a certified instructor, teaching subject control techniques, human factors, mechanics of arrest, and responding to the mentally ill person. He served as the Director of the School of Law Enforcement and Justice Administration at Western Illinois University and was a professor in the Criminal Justice Program at East Carolina University. Ross has published five books and more than 120 articles, book chapters, and monographs on the use of force, stress, and human factors during use of force incidents, liability issues, officer-involved shootings, excited delirium syndrome, prone restraint and asphyxiation, sudden arrest-related deaths, and custodial suicides. Ross has provided technical assistance and consultation to local, county, state, federal, and private criminal justice agencies nationally and internationally, as well as to various branches of the military. He regularly provides training to line-level officers and administrators and makes presentations at national and international conferences on officer and supervisor liability issues, officer-involved shootings and investigations, use of force issues, sudden arrest-related deaths, and custodial deaths. Since 1987 Ross has provided expert witness services regarding these and other topics.

"Dr. Ross’s book teaches law enforcement agencies how to see operations through the lens of risk. Now for every training event or planned operation we identify the risks and the control measures to counter them. The end result: we have seen a remarkable reduction in consequences of legal liability, and better officer performance and perceived professionalism from the community."Jim A. Blocker, Chief of Police, Battle Creek, Michigan "Dr. Ross provides the ‘A to Z’ reference book for civil liability in a criminal justice setting, whether it be day to day policing or overseeing offenders in correctional institutions. A practical, subject-by-subject guide, this book gives clear data and reasoning behind civil liability, what drives it and how to mitigate it. The final chapter clearly sets out trends based on law and recent Court decisions. A must read, this book should be in the hands of every American criminal justice executive."Jim Ferraris, Chief of Police, Woodburn, Oregon, Police Department"This text discusses complex concepts and principles in easily understood language. It is thoroughly researched and well organized. Readers will learn duties and responsibilities that are owed to all and strategies to prevent harms and avoid or limit exposure to civil liability."Andrew Fulkerson, J.D., Ph.D., Professor, Southeast Missouri State University; former judge and prosecuting attorney, State of Arkansas

• PrefaceAcknowledgments 1. Overview of Civil Liability2. Foundations for Liability3. Civil Liability under State and Federal Tort Law4. Civil Liability and Federal Law: Section 1983 Litigation5. Defenses to Civil Litigation and Risk Management6. Administration and Supervisory Liability7. Liability for Failure to Train8. Operating Criminal Justice Agencies under Consent Decree 9. Personnel Issues and Liability10. Use of Force in Law Enforcement and Corrections11. Section 1983 and Correctional Liability Issues12. Section 1983 Actions in Law Enforcement13. Liability and Arrest-related Deaths14. Liability and Suicides in DetentionTable of CasesIndex