Encyclopedia of Remote Sensing

Eni Njoku is the Principal Scientist and Supervisor of the Water and Carbon Cycles Group at the Jet Propulsion Lab of the California Institute of Technology. Born in November 6, 1917 in Ebem, Ohafia, Abia State, Professor Eni Njoku was educated at Ebem Primary School and attended Hope Waddell Training Institute, Calabar between 1933 and 1936. He went to Yaba Higher School (now Yaba College of Technology) Lagos in 1937. Eni Njoku studied botany at the University of Manchester in England. He graduated with a first class honours degree in 1947 and obtained his M.A. degree the following year. In 1954, he obtained his doctorate from the University of London. When he returned to Nigeria, Eni Njoku took up teaching appointment at the University of Ibadan as a lecturer. Later he became a senior lecturer and then professor. He was head and dean of the faculty of science. He was chairman of the Electricity Corporation of Nigeria in 1956. In 1962, he became the first vice-chancellor of the University of Lagos. Following a major crisis in 1965 over his re-appointment, he resigned and became a visiting professor at the Michigan State University, United States. In 1966, Njoku was made the vice-chancellor of the University of Nigeria, Nsukka where he remained till the outbreak of the civil war in 1967. Njoku served on the boards of the Commonwealth Scientific Committee, the United Nations Advisory Committee on the Application of Science and Technology as well as the UNESCO Advisory Committee in Natural Sciences. He also served in the councils of the Universities of Zambia and Zaire (Democratic Republic of Congo). He wrote several books and articles in international journals. He received the honorary D.Sc. degree from the University of Nigeria in 1964, and in 1966 Michigan State University conferred on him an honorary doctor of laws degree and in 1973 Unilag awarded its first vice-chancellor an honorary D.Sc. degree. A scientifically and geographically diverse Editorial Advisory Board will be established.

"The volume is a comprehensive reference work for remote sensing, covering the principles and state of the art in this topic area as well as data analysis and the exploitation of satellite data for scientific applications. ... It would be a valuable reference source for many students and researchers working in environmental, atmospheric and geographic sciences." (Sarah Johnson, Reference Reviews, Vol. 29 (4), 2015)

• Acoustic Radiation.- Acoustic Tomography, Ocean.- Acoustic Waves, Propagation.- Acoustic Waves, Scattering.- Aerosols.- Agricultural Expansion and Abandonment.- Agriculture and Remote Sensing.- Air Pollution.- Atmospheric General Circulation Models.- Calibration and Validation.- Calibration, Microwave Radiometers.- Calibration, Optical/Infrared Passive Sensors.- Calibration, Synthetic Aperture Radars.- Calibration, Scatterometers.- Climate Data Records.- Climate Monitoring and Prediction.- Cloud Liquid Water.- Cloud Properties.- Coastal Ecosystems.- Commercial Remote Sensing.- Cosmic-Ray Hydrometeorology.- Cost Benefit Assessment.- Crop Stress.- Cryosphere and Polar Region Observing System.- Cryosphere, Climate Change Effects.- Cryosphere, Climate Change Feedbacks.- Cryosphere, Measurements and Applications.- Data Access.- Data Archival and Distribution.- Data Archives and Repositories.- Data Assimilation.- Data Policies.- Data Processing, SAR Sensors.- Decision Fusion, Classification of Multisource Data.- Earth Radiation Budget, Top-of-Atmosphere Radiation.- Earth System Models.- Electromagnetic Theory and Wave Propagation.- Emerging Applications.- Emerging Technologies.- Emerging Technologies, Free-Space Optical Communications.- Emerging Technologies: Lidar.- Emerging Technologies, Radar.-Emerging Technologies, Radiometer.- Emerging Technologies, Sensor Web.- Environmental Treaties.- Fields and Radiation.- Fisheries.- Forestry.- Gamma and X-Radiation.- Geodesy.- Geological Mapping Using Earth’s Magnetic Field.- Geomorphology.- Geophysical Retrieval: Forward Models in Remote Sensing.- Geophysical Retrieval: Inverse Problems in Remote Sensing.- Geophysical Retrieval, Overview.- Global Climate Observing System.- Global Earth Observation System of Systems (GEOSS).- Global Land Observing System.- Global Programs, Operational Systems.- GPS, Occultation Systems.- Ice Sheets and Ice Volume.- Icebergs.- International Collaboration.- Ionospheric Effects on the Propagation of Electromagnetic Waves.- Irrigation Management.- Land Surface Emissivity.- Land Surface Roughness.- Land Surface Temperature.- Land Surface Topography.- Land-Atmosphere Interactions, Evapotranspiration.- Landslides.- Law of Remote Sensing.- Lidar Systems.- Lightning.- Limb Sounding, Atmospheric.- Madden–Julian Oscillation (MJO).- Magnetic Field.- Media, Electromagnetic Characteristics.- Microwave Dielectric Properties of Materials.- Microwave Horn Antennas.- Microwave Radiometers.- Microwave Radiometers, Conventional.- Microwave Radiometers, Correlation.- Microwave Radiometers, Interferometers.- Microwave Radiometers, Polarimeters.- Microwave Subsurface Propagation and Scattering.- Microwave Surface Scattering and Emission.- Mission Costs of Earth-Observing Satellites.- Mission Operations, Science Applications/Requirements.- Observational Platforms, Aircraft, and UAVs.- Observational Systems, Satellite.- Ocean Applications of Interferometric SAR.- Ocean Data Telemetry.- Ocean Internal Waves.- Ocean Measurements and Applications, Ocean Color.- Ocean Modeling and Data Assimilation.- Ocean Surface Topography.- Ocean Surface Velocity.- Ocean, Measurements, and Applications.- Ocean–Atmosphere Water Flux and Evaporation.- Operational Transition.- Optical/Infrared, Atmospheric Absorption/Transmission, and Media Spectral Properties.- Optical/Infrared, Radiative Transfer.- Optical/Infrared, Scattering by Aerosols and Hydrometeors.- Pattern Recognition and Classification.- Polar Ice Dynamics.- Polar Ocean Navigation.- Policies and Economics.- Precision Agriculture.- Processing Levels.- Public-Private Partnerships.- Radar, Altimeters.- Radar, Scatterometers.- Radar, Synthetic Aperture.- Radars.- Radiation (Natural) Within the Earth’s Environment.- Radiation Sources (Natural) and Characteristics.- Radiation, Electromagnetic.- Radiation, Galactic, and Cosmic Background.- Radiation, Multiple Scattering.- Radiation, Polarization, and Coherence.- Radiation, Solar and Lunar.- Radiation, Volume Scattering.- Radiative Transfer, Solution Techniques.- Radiative Transfer, Theory.- Radio-Frequency Interference (RFI) in Passive Microwave Sensing.- Rainfall.- Rangelands and Grazing.- Reflected Solar Radiation Sensors, Multiangle Imaging.- Reflected Solar Radiation Sensors, Polarimetric.- Reflector Antennas.- Remote Sensing and Geologic Structure.- Remote Sensing, Historical Perspective.- Remote Sensing, Physics and Techniques.- Resource Exploration.- SAR-Based Bathymetry.- Sea Ice Albedo.- Sea Ice Concentration and Extent.- Sea Level Rise.- Sea Surface Salinity.- Sea Surface Temperature.- Sea Surface Wind/Stress Vector.- Severe Storms.- Snowfall.- Soil Moisture.- Soil Properties.- Solid Earth Mass Transport.- Stratospheric Ozone.- Subsidence.- Surface Radiative Fluxes.- Surface Truth.- Surface Water.- Terrestrial Snow.- Thermal Radiation Sensors (Emitted).- Trace Gases, Stratosphere, and Mesosphere.- Trace Gases, Troposphere - Detection from Space.- Trafficability ofDesert Terrains.- Tropospheric Winds.- Ultraviolet Remote Sensing.- Ultraviolet Sensors.- Urban Environments, Beijing Case Study.- Urban Heat Island.- Vegetation Indices.- Vegetation Phenology.- Volcanism.- Water and Energy Cycles.- Water Resources.- Water Vapor.- Weather Prediction.- Wetlands.- Author Index.- Subject Index