Steven W. Collins is Associate Professor in the Interdisciplinary Arts and Sciences Program at the University of Washington.

• Chapter 1: Introduction 1. The Approach 2. National Innovation Systems and Biotechnology 3. The Market for Biotechnology 4. Products 5. A Road Map 6. References Chapter 2: Firms, Technological Regimes, and National Innovation Systems 1. Introduction 2. The Firm as Innovator 3. Technological Regimes and Trajectories 4. Biotechnology and the National Innovation System 5. Putting it all Together 6. References Chapter 3: Biotechnology and National Innovation Systems in the US and Japan 1. Industry 2. Research Infrastructure 3. Public Policy 4. Conclusions 5. References Chapter 4: The Emergence of Commercial Biotechnology in the US 1. Introduction 2. Institutional Formation and Knowledge Creation 3. Knowledge Enhancement (1976-1983) 4. Commercial Take-Off (1983-1900s) 5. Conclusions 6. References Chapter 5: The Emergence of Commercial Biotechnology 1. Introduction 2. The Origins of Japan's Bioindustry 3. Biotechnology Fever hits Japan 4. From Bio-Boom to Bio-Reality: Alliances Strategies and the Shift from Basic Research (1985-Present) 5. Conclusions 6. Endnotes Chapter 6: Conclusions 1. Summary 2. Biotechnology in the US and Japan 3. Concluding Thoughts References

Steven W. Collins is Associate Professor in the Interdisciplinary Arts and Sciences Program at the University of Washington.

• Chapter 1: Introduction 1. The Approach 2. National Innovation Systems and Biotechnology 3. The Market for Biotechnology 4. Products 5. A Road Map 6. References Chapter 2: Firms, Technological Regimes, and National Innovation Systems 1. Introduction 2. The Firm as Innovator 3. Technological Regimes and Trajectories 4. Biotechnology and the National Innovation System 5. Putting it all Together 6. References Chapter 3: Biotechnology and National Innovation Systems in the US and Japan 1. Industry 2. Research Infrastructure 3. Public Policy 4. Conclusions 5. References Chapter 4: The Emergence of Commercial Biotechnology in the US 1. Introduction 2. Institutional Formation and Knowledge Creation 3. Knowledge Enhancement (1976-1983) 4. Commercial Take-Off (1983-1900s) 5. Conclusions 6. References Chapter 5: The Emergence of Commercial Biotechnology 1. Introduction 2. The Origins of Japan's Bioindustry 3. Biotechnology Fever hits Japan 4. From Bio-Boom to Bio-Reality: Alliances Strategies and the Shift from Basic Research (1985-Present) 5. Conclusions 6. Endnotes Chapter 6: Conclusions 1. Summary 2. Biotechnology in the US and Japan 3. Concluding Thoughts References

Steven W. Collins is Associate Professor in the Interdisciplinary Arts and Sciences Program at the University of Washington.

• Chapter 1: Introduction 1. The Approach 2. National Innovation Systems and Biotechnology 3. The Market for Biotechnology 4. Products 5. A Road Map 6. References Chapter 2: Firms, Technological Regimes, and National Innovation Systems 1. Introduction 2. The Firm as Innovator 3. Technological Regimes and Trajectories 4. Biotechnology and the National Innovation System 5. Putting it all Together 6. References Chapter 3: Biotechnology and National Innovation Systems in the US and Japan 1. Industry 2. Research Infrastructure 3. Public Policy 4. Conclusions 5. References Chapter 4: The Emergence of Commercial Biotechnology in the US 1. Introduction 2. Institutional Formation and Knowledge Creation 3. Knowledge Enhancement (1976-1983) 4. Commercial Take-Off (1983-1900s) 5. Conclusions 6. References Chapter 5: The Emergence of Commercial Biotechnology 1. Introduction 2. The Origins of Japan's Bioindustry 3. Biotechnology Fever hits Japan 4. From Bio-Boom to Bio-Reality: Alliances Strategies and the Shift from Basic Research (1985-Present) 5. Conclusions 6. Endnotes Chapter 6: Conclusions 1. Summary 2. Biotechnology in the US and Japan 3. Concluding Thoughts References