Helen F. Ladd is the Susan B. King Professor of Public Policy Studies and Professor of Economics at the Sanford School of Public Policy at Duke University.Margaret E. Goertz is Senior Researcher at the Consortium for Policy Research in Education and Professor Emerita of Education Policy in the Graduate School of Education at the University of Pennsylvania.

"The Handbook of Research in Education Finance and Policy, Second Edition is an excellent update. Suitable for both insiders and lay audiences, it locates current issues, such as the heavy reliance on test-based accountability as a policy tool, and emerging issues, such as the growing policy role of large foundations, in historical context. Readers come to understand how an enduring concern with funding education for all gave seed to a range of substantive policy, governance, and instructional approaches which today are at the heart of educational debates." —Susan Fuhrman, President, Teachers College, Columbia University"While concerns about equity and adequacy of education finance are longstanding, this edition is particularly relevant and timely. With increasing demand for public services at a time when the growth of public revenues is slowing, the Handbook is an important resource for efforts to maximize return on investment." —Mitchell D. Chester, Commissioner, Massachusetts Department of Elementary and Secondary Education"This is more than a handbook; it is a comprehensive compendium of education policy from a historical, data-based, and application perspective by leading scholars. It is written in an easy-to-understand style for varied audiences including policymakers, practitioners, and scholars." —Michael W. Kirst, Professor Emeritus, Stanford, and President, California State Board of Education"A critically important and essential addition to academic library reference collections and supplemental studies reading lists." —Midwest Book Review

• Preface Helen F. Ladd and Margaret E. Goertz I. PERSPECTIVES ON EDUCATION FINANCE AND POLICYSection Editors: Margaret E. Goertz and Helen F. Ladd1 History and Scholarship Regarding United States Education Finance and Policy Matthew G. Springer, Eric A. Houck, and James W. Guthrie2 The Role of Economics in Education Policy Research Dominic J. Brewer, Guilbert C. Hentschke and Eric R. Eide with Tenice Hardaway and Tien Le3 The Past, Present, and Possible Futures of Educational Finance Reform Litigation William S. Koski and Jesse Hahnel4 The Continually Evolving Political Context of Education Finance James W. Guthrie and Kenneth K. Wong5 Educational Goals: A Public Perspective Rebecca Jacobsen and Richard Rothstein 6 Quantitative Research Methods in Education Finance and Policy Patrick J. McEwan7 International Large-Scale Assessments: Uses and Implications Stephen P. Heyneman and Bommi Lee II. MAKING MONEY MATTERSection Editor: Jennifer King Rice8 Toward an Understanding of Productivity in Education Jennifer King Rice and Amy Ellen Schwartz9 Cost-Benefit Analysis and Cost-Effectiveness AnalysisClive Belfield10 Teachers Clearly Matter, but Finding Effective Teacher Policies Has Proven Challenging Dan Goldhaber11 Teacher Evaluation for Accountability and DevelopmentMorgaen L. Donaldson and John P. Papay12 School Accountability and Student Achievement David N. Figlio and Helen F. Ladd13 School Competition and Student Outcomes Brian Gill and Kevin BookerIII. PROMOTING EQUITY AND ADEQUACYSection Editor: Leanna Stiefel14 Conceptions of Equity and Adequacy in School Finance Bruce D. Baker and Preston C. Green15 Measuring Equity and Adequacy in School Finance Thomas A. Downes and Leanna Stiefel16 Measurement of Cost Differentials William D. Duncombe, Phuong Nguyen-Hoang and John Yinger17 Intergovernmental Aid Formulas and Case Studies Lawrence O. Picus, Margaret E. Goertz and Allan Odden18 Education Equity in an International Context Edward B. Fiske and Helen F. LaddIV. CHANGING PATTERNS OF GOVERNANCE AND FINANCESection Editor: Andrew Reschovsky19 The Changing Federal Role in Education Finance and Governance Nora E. Gordon20 The Role of Nongovernmental Organizations in Financing Public Schools Janet S. Hansen, Michelle Hall, Dominic Brewer and Jane Hannaway21 Equity, Adequacy and the Evolving State Role in Education Finance Sean P. Corcoran and William N. Evans22 Local Funding of Schools: The Property Tax and Its Alternatives Therese J. McGuire, Leslie E. Papke and Andrew Reschovsky23 Tax and Expenditure Limits, School Finance and School Quality Thomas A. Downes and David N. FiglioV. EDUCATIONAL MARKETS AND DECENTRALIZATIONSection Editors: Henry M. Levin and Ron Zimmer24 Issues in Educational Privatization Henry M. Levin25 Charter Schools Robert Bifulco and Katrina Bulkley26 Beyond the Rhetoric: Surveying the Evidence on Vouchers and Tax Credits Ron Zimmer and Eric P. Bettinger27 Emerging Alternatives to Neighborhood-based Public Schooling Joshua M. Cowan and Eugenia F. TomaVI. RACE, SES AND ACHIEVEMENT GAPSSection Editor: Susanna Loeb28 Patterns and Trends in Racial/Ethnic and Socioeconomic AcademicAchievement Gaps Sean F. Reardon, Joseph P. Robinson-Cimpian and Ericka S. Weathers29 Early Childhood and the Achievement Gap Daphna Bassok and Susanna Loeb 30 Increasing the Effectiveness of Teachers in Low-Performing Schools Melinda Adnot and James Wyckoff31 Effects of Educational Policies on Disadvantaged Students: From Desegregationto Accountability Douglas N. HarrisVII. SPECIAL CIRCUMSTANCESSection Editor: David H. Monk32 Special Education Tom Parrish, Jenifer J. Harr-Robins, and Jay G. Chambers33 Resource Needs for Educating Linguistic Minority Students Russell W. Rumberger and Patricia Gándara34 Challenges and Strategies Associated with Rural School Settings John W. Sipple and Brian O. Brent35 The Organizational and Fiscal Implications of Transient Student Populations Kieran M. Killeen and Kai A. Schafft36 Bridging the High School-College Divide Thomas R. Bailey and Melinda Mechur Karp

Helen F. Ladd is the Susan B. King Professor of Public Policy Studies and Professor of Economics at the Sanford School of Public Policy at Duke University.Margaret E. Goertz is Senior Researcher at the Consortium for Policy Research in Education and Professor Emerita of Education Policy in the Graduate School of Education at the University of Pennsylvania.

"The Handbook of Research in Education Finance and Policy, Second Edition is an excellent update. Suitable for both insiders and lay audiences, it locates current issues, such as the heavy reliance on test-based accountability as a policy tool, and emerging issues, such as the growing policy role of large foundations, in historical context. Readers come to understand how an enduring concern with funding education for all gave seed to a range of substantive policy, governance, and instructional approaches which today are at the heart of educational debates." —Susan Fuhrman, President, Teachers College, Columbia University"While concerns about equity and adequacy of education finance are longstanding, this edition is particularly relevant and timely. With increasing demand for public services at a time when the growth of public revenues is slowing, the Handbook is an important resource for efforts to maximize return on investment." —Mitchell D. Chester, Commissioner, Massachusetts Department of Elementary and Secondary Education"This is more than a handbook; it is a comprehensive compendium of education policy from a historical, data-based, and application perspective by leading scholars. It is written in an easy-to-understand style for varied audiences including policymakers, practitioners, and scholars." —Michael W. Kirst, Professor Emeritus, Stanford, and President, California State Board of Education"A critically important and essential addition to academic library reference collections and supplemental studies reading lists." —Midwest Book Review

• Preface Helen F. Ladd and Margaret E. Goertz I. PERSPECTIVES ON EDUCATION FINANCE AND POLICYSection Editors: Margaret E. Goertz and Helen F. Ladd1 History and Scholarship Regarding United States Education Finance and Policy Matthew G. Springer, Eric A. Houck, and James W. Guthrie2 The Role of Economics in Education Policy Research Dominic J. Brewer, Guilbert C. Hentschke and Eric R. Eide with Tenice Hardaway and Tien Le3 The Past, Present, and Possible Futures of Educational Finance Reform Litigation William S. Koski and Jesse Hahnel4 The Continually Evolving Political Context of Education Finance James W. Guthrie and Kenneth K. Wong5 Educational Goals: A Public Perspective Rebecca Jacobsen and Richard Rothstein 6 Quantitative Research Methods in Education Finance and Policy Patrick J. McEwan7 International Large-Scale Assessments: Uses and Implications Stephen P. Heyneman and Bommi Lee II. MAKING MONEY MATTERSection Editor: Jennifer King Rice8 Toward an Understanding of Productivity in Education Jennifer King Rice and Amy Ellen Schwartz9 Cost-Benefit Analysis and Cost-Effectiveness AnalysisClive Belfield10 Teachers Clearly Matter, but Finding Effective Teacher Policies Has Proven Challenging Dan Goldhaber11 Teacher Evaluation for Accountability and DevelopmentMorgaen L. Donaldson and John P. Papay12 School Accountability and Student Achievement David N. Figlio and Helen F. Ladd13 School Competition and Student Outcomes Brian Gill and Kevin BookerIII. PROMOTING EQUITY AND ADEQUACYSection Editor: Leanna Stiefel14 Conceptions of Equity and Adequacy in School Finance Bruce D. Baker and Preston C. Green15 Measuring Equity and Adequacy in School Finance Thomas A. Downes and Leanna Stiefel16 Measurement of Cost Differentials William D. Duncombe, Phuong Nguyen-Hoang and John Yinger17 Intergovernmental Aid Formulas and Case Studies Lawrence O. Picus, Margaret E. Goertz and Allan Odden18 Education Equity in an International Context Edward B. Fiske and Helen F. LaddIV. CHANGING PATTERNS OF GOVERNANCE AND FINANCESection Editor: Andrew Reschovsky19 The Changing Federal Role in Education Finance and Governance Nora E. Gordon20 The Role of Nongovernmental Organizations in Financing Public Schools Janet S. Hansen, Michelle Hall, Dominic Brewer and Jane Hannaway21 Equity, Adequacy and the Evolving State Role in Education Finance Sean P. Corcoran and William N. Evans22 Local Funding of Schools: The Property Tax and Its Alternatives Therese J. McGuire, Leslie E. Papke and Andrew Reschovsky23 Tax and Expenditure Limits, School Finance and School Quality Thomas A. Downes and David N. FiglioV. EDUCATIONAL MARKETS AND DECENTRALIZATIONSection Editors: Henry M. Levin and Ron Zimmer24 Issues in Educational Privatization Henry M. Levin25 Charter Schools Robert Bifulco and Katrina Bulkley26 Beyond the Rhetoric: Surveying the Evidence on Vouchers and Tax Credits Ron Zimmer and Eric P. Bettinger27 Emerging Alternatives to Neighborhood-based Public Schooling Joshua M. Cowan and Eugenia F. TomaVI. RACE, SES AND ACHIEVEMENT GAPSSection Editor: Susanna Loeb28 Patterns and Trends in Racial/Ethnic and Socioeconomic AcademicAchievement Gaps Sean F. Reardon, Joseph P. Robinson-Cimpian and Ericka S. Weathers29 Early Childhood and the Achievement Gap Daphna Bassok and Susanna Loeb 30 Increasing the Effectiveness of Teachers in Low-Performing Schools Melinda Adnot and James Wyckoff31 Effects of Educational Policies on Disadvantaged Students: From Desegregationto Accountability Douglas N. HarrisVII. SPECIAL CIRCUMSTANCESSection Editor: David H. Monk32 Special Education Tom Parrish, Jenifer J. Harr-Robins, and Jay G. Chambers33 Resource Needs for Educating Linguistic Minority Students Russell W. Rumberger and Patricia Gándara34 Challenges and Strategies Associated with Rural School Settings John W. Sipple and Brian O. Brent35 The Organizational and Fiscal Implications of Transient Student Populations Kieran M. Killeen and Kai A. Schafft36 Bridging the High School-College Divide Thomas R. Bailey and Melinda Mechur Karp

Helen F. Ladd is the Susan B. King Professor of Public Policy Studies and Professor of Economics at the Sanford School of Public Policy at Duke University.Margaret E. Goertz is Senior Researcher at the Consortium for Policy Research in Education and Professor Emerita of Education Policy in the Graduate School of Education at the University of Pennsylvania.

"The Handbook of Research in Education Finance and Policy, Second Edition is an excellent update. Suitable for both insiders and lay audiences, it locates current issues, such as the heavy reliance on test-based accountability as a policy tool, and emerging issues, such as the growing policy role of large foundations, in historical context. Readers come to understand how an enduring concern with funding education for all gave seed to a range of substantive policy, governance, and instructional approaches which today are at the heart of educational debates." —Susan Fuhrman, President, Teachers College, Columbia University"While concerns about equity and adequacy of education finance are longstanding, this edition is particularly relevant and timely. With increasing demand for public services at a time when the growth of public revenues is slowing, the Handbook is an important resource for efforts to maximize return on investment." —Mitchell D. Chester, Commissioner, Massachusetts Department of Elementary and Secondary Education"This is more than a handbook; it is a comprehensive compendium of education policy from a historical, data-based, and application perspective by leading scholars. It is written in an easy-to-understand style for varied audiences including policymakers, practitioners, and scholars." —Michael W. Kirst, Professor Emeritus, Stanford, and President, California State Board of Education"A critically important and essential addition to academic library reference collections and supplemental studies reading lists." —Midwest Book Review

• Preface Helen F. Ladd and Margaret E. Goertz I. PERSPECTIVES ON EDUCATION FINANCE AND POLICYSection Editors: Margaret E. Goertz and Helen F. Ladd1 History and Scholarship Regarding United States Education Finance and Policy Matthew G. Springer, Eric A. Houck, and James W. Guthrie2 The Role of Economics in Education Policy Research Dominic J. Brewer, Guilbert C. Hentschke and Eric R. Eide with Tenice Hardaway and Tien Le3 The Past, Present, and Possible Futures of Educational Finance Reform Litigation William S. Koski and Jesse Hahnel4 The Continually Evolving Political Context of Education Finance James W. Guthrie and Kenneth K. Wong5 Educational Goals: A Public Perspective Rebecca Jacobsen and Richard Rothstein 6 Quantitative Research Methods in Education Finance and Policy Patrick J. McEwan7 International Large-Scale Assessments: Uses and Implications Stephen P. Heyneman and Bommi Lee II. MAKING MONEY MATTERSection Editor: Jennifer King Rice8 Toward an Understanding of Productivity in Education Jennifer King Rice and Amy Ellen Schwartz9 Cost-Benefit Analysis and Cost-Effectiveness AnalysisClive Belfield10 Teachers Clearly Matter, but Finding Effective Teacher Policies Has Proven Challenging Dan Goldhaber11 Teacher Evaluation for Accountability and DevelopmentMorgaen L. Donaldson and John P. Papay12 School Accountability and Student Achievement David N. Figlio and Helen F. Ladd13 School Competition and Student Outcomes Brian Gill and Kevin BookerIII. PROMOTING EQUITY AND ADEQUACYSection Editor: Leanna Stiefel14 Conceptions of Equity and Adequacy in School Finance Bruce D. Baker and Preston C. Green15 Measuring Equity and Adequacy in School Finance Thomas A. Downes and Leanna Stiefel16 Measurement of Cost Differentials William D. Duncombe, Phuong Nguyen-Hoang and John Yinger17 Intergovernmental Aid Formulas and Case Studies Lawrence O. Picus, Margaret E. Goertz and Allan Odden18 Education Equity in an International Context Edward B. Fiske and Helen F. LaddIV. CHANGING PATTERNS OF GOVERNANCE AND FINANCESection Editor: Andrew Reschovsky19 The Changing Federal Role in Education Finance and Governance Nora E. Gordon20 The Role of Nongovernmental Organizations in Financing Public Schools Janet S. Hansen, Michelle Hall, Dominic Brewer and Jane Hannaway21 Equity, Adequacy and the Evolving State Role in Education Finance Sean P. Corcoran and William N. Evans22 Local Funding of Schools: The Property Tax and Its Alternatives Therese J. McGuire, Leslie E. Papke and Andrew Reschovsky23 Tax and Expenditure Limits, School Finance and School Quality Thomas A. Downes and David N. FiglioV. EDUCATIONAL MARKETS AND DECENTRALIZATIONSection Editors: Henry M. Levin and Ron Zimmer24 Issues in Educational Privatization Henry M. Levin25 Charter Schools Robert Bifulco and Katrina Bulkley26 Beyond the Rhetoric: Surveying the Evidence on Vouchers and Tax Credits Ron Zimmer and Eric P. Bettinger27 Emerging Alternatives to Neighborhood-based Public Schooling Joshua M. Cowan and Eugenia F. TomaVI. RACE, SES AND ACHIEVEMENT GAPSSection Editor: Susanna Loeb28 Patterns and Trends in Racial/Ethnic and Socioeconomic AcademicAchievement Gaps Sean F. Reardon, Joseph P. Robinson-Cimpian and Ericka S. Weathers29 Early Childhood and the Achievement Gap Daphna Bassok and Susanna Loeb 30 Increasing the Effectiveness of Teachers in Low-Performing Schools Melinda Adnot and James Wyckoff31 Effects of Educational Policies on Disadvantaged Students: From Desegregationto Accountability Douglas N. HarrisVII. SPECIAL CIRCUMSTANCESSection Editor: David H. Monk32 Special Education Tom Parrish, Jenifer J. Harr-Robins, and Jay G. Chambers33 Resource Needs for Educating Linguistic Minority Students Russell W. Rumberger and Patricia Gándara34 Challenges and Strategies Associated with Rural School Settings John W. Sipple and Brian O. Brent35 The Organizational and Fiscal Implications of Transient Student Populations Kieran M. Killeen and Kai A. Schafft36 Bridging the High School-College Divide Thomas R. Bailey and Melinda Mechur Karp