Timothy M. Swanson, Edward B. Barbier, Joanne C. Burgess, David W. Pearce

• List of Tables List of Figures List of Acronyms and Abbreviations Preface Acknowledgements 1. Elephants in Decline Introduction The Decline of the African Elephant The Role of the Ivory Trade The Economics of the Decline in Elephant Populations Further Issues in the Decline of Elephant Populations Economic Incentives for Conservation Current Situation Appendix 1.1: A bioeconomic Model of Elephant Decline 2. African Exports: Quantity and Value Introduction Background to Africa's Ivory Trade Estimating African Ivory Exports: 1950-88 The Value of African Ivory Exports: 1979-88 Intra-Africa Trade and the African Carving Industry Appendix 2.1: An approach to Estimating African Ivory Exports, 1950-88 Appendix 2.2: Estimating the Value of African Ivory Exports, 1979-88 3. The Ivory Trade Flow: Worked and Unworked Intermediate and Final Demand Difficulties in Tracing Ivory Trade Flows Trade Flows and Final Demand: Hong Kong and Japan Trade Flows and Final Demand: Europe Trade Flows and Final Demand: USA Trade Flows and Final Demand: China Trade Flows and Final Trade Flows and Final Conclusion Appendix 3.1: Worked 4. Demand Analysis: J Introduction Japan analysis Hong Kong analysis Conclusion Appendix 4.1: The Raw Appendix 4.2: The Raw Demand: India Demand: other Countries Ivory Trade Database Japan and Hong Kong Ivory Demand Model: Japan Ivory Demand Model: Hong Kong 5. Policies for the Regulation of the Ivory Trade Introduction Regulation in the Range States Previous Attempts at International Regulation International Regulation and the African Elephant Alternative Mechanisms for International Regulation Conclusion 6. Looking to the Future: Policy Options to Save the Elephant Current Cites Regulation: The Appendix I Listing The Impact of an Ivory Trade Ban A Proposal for the International Regulation of the Trade Domestic Reform: the Importance of Local Ownership Conclusion: The Future of the African Elephant Index

Timothy M. Swanson, Edward B. Barbier, Joanne C. Burgess, David W. Pearce

• List of Tables List of Figures List of Acronyms and Abbreviations Preface Acknowledgements 1. Elephants in Decline Introduction The Decline of the African Elephant The Role of the Ivory Trade The Economics of the Decline in Elephant Populations Further Issues in the Decline of Elephant Populations Economic Incentives for Conservation Current Situation Appendix 1.1: A bioeconomic Model of Elephant Decline 2. African Exports: Quantity and Value Introduction Background to Africa's Ivory Trade Estimating African Ivory Exports: 1950-88 The Value of African Ivory Exports: 1979-88 Intra-Africa Trade and the African Carving Industry Appendix 2.1: An approach to Estimating African Ivory Exports, 1950-88 Appendix 2.2: Estimating the Value of African Ivory Exports, 1979-88 3. The Ivory Trade Flow: Worked and Unworked Intermediate and Final Demand Difficulties in Tracing Ivory Trade Flows Trade Flows and Final Demand: Hong Kong and Japan Trade Flows and Final Demand: Europe Trade Flows and Final Demand: USA Trade Flows and Final Demand: China Trade Flows and Final Trade Flows and Final Conclusion Appendix 3.1: Worked 4. Demand Analysis: J Introduction Japan analysis Hong Kong analysis Conclusion Appendix 4.1: The Raw Appendix 4.2: The Raw Demand: India Demand: other Countries Ivory Trade Database Japan and Hong Kong Ivory Demand Model: Japan Ivory Demand Model: Hong Kong 5. Policies for the Regulation of the Ivory Trade Introduction Regulation in the Range States Previous Attempts at International Regulation International Regulation and the African Elephant Alternative Mechanisms for International Regulation Conclusion 6. Looking to the Future: Policy Options to Save the Elephant Current Cites Regulation: The Appendix I Listing The Impact of an Ivory Trade Ban A Proposal for the International Regulation of the Trade Domestic Reform: the Importance of Local Ownership Conclusion: The Future of the African Elephant Index

Timothy M. Swanson, Edward B. Barbier, Joanne C. Burgess, David W. Pearce

• List of Tables List of Figures List of Acronyms and Abbreviations Preface Acknowledgements 1. Elephants in Decline Introduction The Decline of the African Elephant The Role of the Ivory Trade The Economics of the Decline in Elephant Populations Further Issues in the Decline of Elephant Populations Economic Incentives for Conservation Current Situation Appendix 1.1: A bioeconomic Model of Elephant Decline 2. African Exports: Quantity and Value Introduction Background to Africa's Ivory Trade Estimating African Ivory Exports: 1950-88 The Value of African Ivory Exports: 1979-88 Intra-Africa Trade and the African Carving Industry Appendix 2.1: An approach to Estimating African Ivory Exports, 1950-88 Appendix 2.2: Estimating the Value of African Ivory Exports, 1979-88 3. The Ivory Trade Flow: Worked and Unworked Intermediate and Final Demand Difficulties in Tracing Ivory Trade Flows Trade Flows and Final Demand: Hong Kong and Japan Trade Flows and Final Demand: Europe Trade Flows and Final Demand: USA Trade Flows and Final Demand: China Trade Flows and Final Trade Flows and Final Conclusion Appendix 3.1: Worked 4. Demand Analysis: J Introduction Japan analysis Hong Kong analysis Conclusion Appendix 4.1: The Raw Appendix 4.2: The Raw Demand: India Demand: other Countries Ivory Trade Database Japan and Hong Kong Ivory Demand Model: Japan Ivory Demand Model: Hong Kong 5. Policies for the Regulation of the Ivory Trade Introduction Regulation in the Range States Previous Attempts at International Regulation International Regulation and the African Elephant Alternative Mechanisms for International Regulation Conclusion 6. Looking to the Future: Policy Options to Save the Elephant Current Cites Regulation: The Appendix I Listing The Impact of an Ivory Trade Ban A Proposal for the International Regulation of the Trade Domestic Reform: the Importance of Local Ownership Conclusion: The Future of the African Elephant Index