Ruth Miller is an Assistant Professor of History at the University of Massachusetts, Boston. She received her Ph.D. in Near eastern Studies from Princeton University, and has published articles on Ottoman and Turkish law in the Journal of Islamic Studies, the Turkish StudiesAssociation Journal, and Studia Islamica.

• Introduction Historical Context Legal Context 1840-1850: Crime and The Bureaucracy 1851-1858: The Disappearance of the Victim 1859-1876: Crimes against the State 1877-1908: The Role of Religion 1909-1920: The Reinvention of EVIL--Positivists and Totalitarians 1920 and Beyond: Modern or Fascist? Turkey Adopts a Fascist Law Conclusion Bibliography Appendix A: Geographical Distribution of Criminal Cases Appendix B: Database of Capital and Banishment Cases Appendix C: Numerical Distribution of Cases over time Appendix D: Functionary Biographies Appendix E: Functionary Biographies over time Appendix F: Changes made to the republican Turkish Criminal Code Between 1933 and 1938