Diagnostic Imaging: Oral and Maxillofacial

Dr. Koenig is Professor Emerita of Oral Medicine and Oral Radiology at Marquette University School of Dentistry in Milwaukee, Wisconsin Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc, FDS RCPS (Glasg),graduated with a dental degree from King Saud University in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia and trained at Harvard University, School of Dental Medicine, where she earned a Doctorate of Medical Science (DMSc) and certificate of fellowship in Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology. She is board certified by the American Board of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology. She runs her own oral radiology private practice in Orlando, FL. Dr. Perschbacher is Assistant Professor, Teaching Stream, Oral & Maxillofacial Radiology at University of Toronto Faculty of Dentistry in Toronto, Canada. She is also a Department of Dentistry and Orthodontics consultant at the Hospital for Sick Children's Department of Dentistry and Orthodontics in Toronto. Dr. Demirturk is a private practice oral and maxillofacial radiology consultant in Wexford, Pennsylvania. She is also associate professor with the Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology at Kocaeli Health and Technology University Faculty of Dentistry in Kocaeli, Turkey

"...an encyclopaedia that encompasses everything from the suprahyoid neck to the skull base, including the cranial nerves.... If the amount of information does not impress the reader, the imaging and illustrations will definitely astound them-the content is huge. For the experienced who are practising this speciality, you can rapidly thumb through the book and consolidate all your knowledge. For neuroradiologists who need a quick reference, the information is easily accessible at your fingertips to reach a diagnosis.... The anatomical illustrations in the first section on anatomy are superb, with anatomical diagrams, imaging correlates and even 3D reconstructions. This book is beautifully presented,... [and] highly recommended for all radiologists. It is a valuable reference text for the experienced practising head and neck radiologist, but comprehensive enough to upskill any novice interested in the subject to improve their clinical practice. The authors must be congratulated on this excellent master piece. It is a work of art." Review by Dr Calvin Soh, Consultant Neuroradiologist, Manchester Royal Infirmary, RAD Magazine, September 2025"This book covers topics in oral radiology and how to interpret several types of diagnostic images. It includes a plethora of images from different types of radiographs and angles that are helpful in describing dental radiology to physicians and other non-dentists. The previous edition was published in 2017." --©Doody’s Review Service, 2024, Binita Satpathy, DDS (Meharry Medical College School of Dentistry), Doody’s Score: 90 - 4 Stars!

• PART I: ANATOMYSection 1: Oral Cavity4 TeethDania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc, FDS, RCPS (Glasg)14 Dental RestorationsDania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc, FDS, RCPS (Glasg)20 MaxillaDania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc, FDS, RCPS (Glasg)28 MandibleDania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc, FDS, RCPS (Glasg)34 TongueLisa J. Koenig, BChD, DDS, MS and H. Ric Harnsberger, MD38 Retromolar TrigoneLisa J. Koenig, BChD, DDS, MS, Surjith Vattoth, MD, FRCR, and H. Ric Harnsberger, MD42 Sublingual SpaceLisa J. Koenig, BChD, DDS, MS, Surjith Vattoth, MD, FRCR, and H. Ric Harnsberger, MD46 Submandibular SpaceLisa J. Koenig, BChD, DDS, MS and H. Ric Harnsberger, MD50 Oral Mucosal Space/SurfaceLisa J. Koenig, BChD, DDS, MS and H. Ric Harnsberger, MDSection 2: Nose and Sinuses54 Sinonasal OverviewSusanne E. Perschbacher, DDS, MSc, FRCDC70 Ostiomeatal ComplexSusanne E. Perschbacher, DDS, MSc, FRCDC and Surjith Vattoth, MD, FRCR74 Pterygopalatine FossaLisa J. Koenig, BChD, DDS, MS and Surjith Vattoth, MD, FRCRSection 3: Temporal Bone80 TMJSusanne E. Perschbacher, DDS, MSc, FRCDC88 External, Middle, and Inner EarLisa J. Koenig, BChD, DDS, MS and H. Ric Harnsberger, MDSection 4: Base of Skull96 Skull Base OverviewPhilip R. Chapman, MD and Lisa J. Koenig, BChD, DDS, MS102 Anterior Skull BaseH. Ric Harnsberger, MD and Lisa J. Koenig, BChD, DDS, MS108 Central Skull BaseLisa J. Koenig, BChD, DDS, MS and H. Ric Harnsberger, MD114 Posterior Skull BaseLisa J. Koenig, BChD, DDS, MS and H. Ric Harnsberger, MD124 Styloid Process and Stylohyoid LigamentSusanne E. Perschbacher, DDS, MSc, FRCDCSection 5: Cranial Nerves130 Cranial Nerves OverviewLisa J. Koenig, BChD, DDS, MS, H. Ric Harnsberger, MD, and Philip R. Chapman, MD136 Cranial Nerve VSusanne E. Perschbacher, DDS, MSc, FRCDC and H. Ric Harnsberger, MD150 Cranial Nerve VIIH. Ric Harnsberger, MD and Susanne E. Perschbacher, DDS, MSc, FRCDC160 Glossopharyngeal Nerve (CNIX)H. Ric Harnsberger, MD and Lisa J. Koenig, BChD, DDS, MS166 CNX (Vagus Nerve)Aparna Singhal, MD, H. Ric Harnsberger, MD, and Lisa J. Koenig, BChD, DDS, MS172 CNXII (Hypoglossal Nerve)Aparna Singhal, MD, H. Ric Harnsberger, MD, and Lisa J. Koenig, BChD, DDS, MSSection 6: Cervical Spine180 Craniocervical JunctionH. Ric Harnsberger, MD and Lisa J. Koenig, BChD, DDS, MSSection 7: Suprahyoid Neck192 Suprahyoid Neck OverviewH. Ric Harnsberger, MD and Lisa J. Koenig, BChD, DDS, MS198 Parapharyngeal SpaceLisa J. Koenig, BChD, DDS, MS and H. Ric Harnsberger, MD202 Nasopharynx and OropharynxSusanne E. Perschbacher, DDS, MSc, FRCDC and H. Ric Harnsberger, MD210 Masticator SpaceLisa J. Koenig, BChD, DDS, MS, Surjith Vattoth, MD, FRCR, and H. Ric Harnsberger, MD216 Parotid SpaceLisa J. Koenig, BChD, DDS, MS, Surjith Vattoth, MD, FRCR, and H. Ric Harnsberger, MD224 Carotid SpaceLisa J. Koenig, BChD, DDS, MS, Surjith Vattoth, MD, FRCR, and H. Ric Harnsberger, MD230 Retropharyngeal SpaceLisa J. Koenig, BChD, DDS, MS and H. Ric Harnsberger, MD234 Perivertebral SpaceLisa J. Koenig, BChD, DDS, MS, Aparna Singhal, MD, and H. Ric Harnsberger, MD238 Lymph NodesLisa J. Koenig, BChD, DDS, MS and H. Ric Harnsberger, MD242 External and Internal Carotid ArteriesLisa J. Koenig, BChD, DDS, MSPART II: IMAGING APPLICATIONS IN ORAL MAXILLOFACIAL REGIONSection 1: Imaging Applications250 Artificial Intelligence in Imaging AnatomyHusniye Demirturk, DDS, MS, PhD and Kaan Orhan, DDS, MSc, MHM, PhD, BA256 Introduction to Ultrasound ImagingHusniye Demirturk, DDS, MS, PhD, Kaan Orhan, DDS, MSc, MHM, PhD, BA, and Hakan Amasya, DDS, MSc264 CBCT Applications in Implant PlacementDania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc, FDS, RCPS (Glasg) and Douglas L. Chenin, DDS270 CBCT Applications in EndodonticsSusanne E. Perschbacher, DDS, MSc, FRCDC276 CBCT Applications in OrthodonticsDania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc, FDS, RCPS (Glasg)284 CBCT Analysis of Sleep-Disordered Breathing Risk FactorsDania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc, FDS, RCPS (Glasg) and Noura Alsufyani, BDS, MSc, PhDPART III: DIAGNOSESSection 1: Radiologic Patterns of Jaw Pathology296 Radiologic Patterns of Jaw PathologyDania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc, FDS, RCPS (Glasg)Section 2: TeethDEVELOPMENTAL ALTERATIONS IN SIZE AND SHAPE OF TEETH306 HypodontiaHusniye Demirturk, DDS, MS, PhD and Brad J. Potter, DDS, MS308 HyperdontiaLisa J. Koenig, BChD, DDS, MS, Brad J. Potter, DDS, MS, and Margot L. Van Dis, DDS, MS310 Macrodontia, Gemination, and FusionHusniye Demirturk, DDS, MS, PhD, Brad J. Potter, DDS, MS, and Margot L. Van Dis, DDS, MS312 MicrodontiaHusniye Demirturk, DDS, MS, PhD and Margot L. Van Dis, DDS, MS313 ConcrescenceHusniye Demirturk, DDS, MS, PhD, Brad J. Potter, DDS, MS, and Margot L. Van Dis, DDS, MS314 Talon CuspHusniye Demirturk, DDS, MS, PhD, Brad J. Potter, DDS, MS, and Margot L. Van Dis, DDS, MS315 Dens InvaginatusHusniye Demirturk, DDS, MS, PhD, Brad J. Potter, DDS, MS, and Margot L. Van Dis, DDS, MS316 Enamel PearlsHusniye Demirturk, DDS, MS, PhD, Brad J. Potter, DDS, MS, and Margot L. Van Dis, DDS, MS317 TaurodontismHusniye Demirturk, DDS, MS, PhD, Brad J. Potter, DDS, MS, and Margot L. Van Dis, DDS, MS318 DilacerationHusniye Demirturk, DDS, MS, PhD, Brad J. Potter, DDS, MS, and Margot L. Van Dis, DDS, MS319 Supernumerary RootsHusniye Demirturk, DDS, MS, PhD, Brad J. Potter, DDS, MS, and Margot L. Van Dis, DDS, MSDEVELOPMENTAL ALTERATIONS IN STRUCTURE OF TEETH320 Amelogenesis ImperfectaHusniye Demirturk, DDS, MS, PhD, Brad J. Potter, DDS, MS, and Margot L. Van Dis, DDS, MS324 Dentinogenesis ImperfectaHusniye Demirturk, DDS, MS, PhD and Brad J. Potter, DDS, MS326 Dentin DysplasiaHusniye Demirturk, DDS, MS, PhD, Brad J. Potter, DDS, MS, and Margot L. Van Dis, DDS, MS327 Regional OdontodysplasiaHusniye Demirturk, DDS, MS, PhD and Brad J. Potter, DDS, MSACQUIRED ALTERATIONS OF TEETH AND SUPPORTING STRUCTURES328 AttritionDania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc, FDS, RCPS (Glasg)330 AbrasionDania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc, FDS, RCPS (Glasg)331 AbfractionDania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc, FDS, RCPS (Glasg)332 ErosionDania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc, FDS, RCPS (Glasg)333 Turner DysplasiaDania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc, FDS, RCPS (Glasg)334 Internal and External ResorptionDania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc, FDS, RCPS (Glasg)340 HypercementosisDania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc, FDS, RCPS (Glasg)TRAUMA341 ConcussionDania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc, FDS, RCPS (Glasg)342 LuxationDania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc, FDS, RCPS (Glasg)346 Dentoalveolar FracturesDania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc, FDS, RCPS (Glasg)INFECTION/INFLAMMATION352 Dental CariesDania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc, FDS, RCPS (Glasg)356 Periapical Rarefying OsteitisDania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc, FDS, RCPS (Glasg)360 Periapical Sclerosing OsteitisDania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc, FDS, RCPS (Glasg)362 Periodontal DiseaseDania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc, FDS, RCPS (Glasg)MISCELLANEOUS368 Gubernaculum DentisLisa J. Koenig, BChD, DDS, MSSection 3: Oral CavityCONGENITAL/GENETIC372 Submandibular Space Accessory Salivary TissueLisa J. Koenig, BChD, DDS, MS and Daniel E. Meltzer, MD374 Lingual ThyroidLisa J. Koenig, BChD, DDS, MS and Daniel E. Meltzer, MD376 Oral Cavity Dermoid and EpidermoidLisa J. Koenig, BChD, DDS, MS and Daniel E. Meltzer, MD380 Submandibular Gland Aplasia-HypoplasiaLisa J. Koenig, BChD, DDS, MS and Byron W. Benson, DDS, MS382 Foregut Duplication Cyst in TongueLisa J. Koenig, BChD, DDS, MS and Byron W. Benson, DDS, MSINFECTION384 Oral Cavity Soft Tissue InfectionsLisa J. Koenig, BChD, DDS, MS, Byron W. Benson, DDS, MS, and Richard H. Wiggins, III, MD, CIIP, FSIIM, FAHSE, FACRINFLAMMATION388 RanulaLisa J. Koenig, BChD, DDS, MS and Richard H. Wiggins, III, MD, CIIP, FSIIM, FAHSE, FACR392 Submandibular Gland SialadenitisLisa J. Koenig, BChD, DDS, MS and Richard H. Wiggins, III, MD, CIIP, FSIIM, FAHSE, FACR394 Oral Cavity SialoceleLisa J. Koenig, BChD, DDS, MS and Richard H. Wiggins, III, MD, CIIP, FSIIM, FAHSE, FACR396 Submandibular Gland MucoceleLisa J. Koenig, BChD, DDS, MS and Byron W. Benson, DDS, MSNEOPLASM, BENIGN398 Sublingual Gland Benign Mixed TumorByron W. Benson, DDS, MS400 Submandibular Gland Benign Mixed TumorLisa J. Koenig, BChD, DDS, MS and Bronwyn E. Hamilton, MD402 Palate Benign Mixed TumorLisa J. Koenig, BChD, DDS, MS and Bronwyn E. Hamilton, MDNEOPLASM, MALIGNANT404 Oral Cavity Minor Salivary Gland MalignancyLisa J. Koenig, BChD, DDS, MS and Bronwyn E. Hamilton, MD406 Sublingual Gland CarcinomaLisa J. Koenig, BChD, DDS, MS and Bronwyn E. Hamilton, MD408 Submandibular Gland CarcinomaLisa J. Koenig, BChD, DDS, MS and Bronwyn E. Hamilton, MD410 Submandibular Space Nodal Non-Hodgkin LymphomaLisa J. Koenig, BChD, DDS, MS and Bronwyn E. Hamilton, MD412 Oral Tongue Squamous Cell CarcinomaNicholas A. Koontz, MD416 Floor of Mouth Squamous Cell CarcinomaLisa J. Koenig, BChD, DDS, MS and Nicholas A. Koontz, MD418 Gingival Squamous Cell CarcinomaLisa J. Koenig, BChD, DDS, MS and C. Grace Petrikowski, DDS, MSc, FRCD(C)420 Retromolar Trigone Squamous Cell CarcinomaLisa J. Koenig, BChD, DDS, MS and Nicholas A. Koontz, MD422 Submandibular Space Nodal Squamous Cell CarcinomaLisa J. Koenig, BChD, DDS, MS and Bronwyn E. Hamilton, MD424 Buccal Mucosa Squamous Cell CarcinomaLisa J. Koenig, BChD, DDS, MS and Nicholas A. Koontz, MD426 Hard Palate Squamous Cell CarcinomaLisa J. Koenig, BChD, DDS, MS and Nicholas A. Koontz, MDMISCELLANEOUS/IDIOPATHIC428 Hypoglossal Nerve Motor DenervationLisa J. Koenig, BChD, DDS, MS and Richard H. Wiggins, III, MD, CIIP, FSIIM, FAHSE, FACR430 Submandibular SialolithsLisa J. Koenig, BChD, DDS, MSSection 4: Mandible and Maxilla NORMAL VARIANTS434 Buccal and Palatal ExostosesLisa J. Koenig, BChD, DDS, MS and Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc, FDS, RCPS (Glasg)436 Mandibular TorusLisa J. Koenig, BChD, DDS, MS438 Palatal TorusLisa J. Koenig, BChD, DDS, MS440 Accessory Mandibular CanalLisa J. Koenig, BChD, DDS, MS442 Mandibular Salivary Gland Defect (Stafne)Lisa J. Koenig, BChD, DDS, MS446 Mandible-Maxilla Idiopathic OsteosclerosisLisa J. Koenig, BChD, DDS, MSCONGENITAL/GENETIC448 Cleft Lip and PalateDania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc, FDS, RCPS (Glasg) and Roya Sohaey, MD452 CherubismSusanne E. Perschbacher, DDS, MSc, FRCDC and Bernadette L. Koch, MD454 Basal Cell Nevus SyndromeSusanne E. Perschbacher, DDS, MSc, FRCDC456 Cleidocranial DysplasiaHusniye Demirturk, DDS, MS, PhD, Brad J. Potter, DDS, MS, and Margot L. Van Dis, DDS, MS458 Pierre Robin SequenceDania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc, FDS, RCPS (Glasg) and Caroline D. Robson, MBChB460 Treacher Collins SyndromeDania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc, FDS, RCPS (Glasg), Brad J. Potter, DDS, MS, and Margot L. Van Dis, DDS, MS462 Craniosynostoses (Crouzon)Kevin R. Moore, MD, Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc, FDS, RCPS (Glasg), and Lisa J. Koenig, BChD, DDS, MS464 Down Syndrome (Trisomy 21)Lisa J. Koenig, BChD, DDS, MS, Kara G. Gill, MD, and Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc, FDS, RCPS (Glasg)466 MucopolysaccharidosisLisa J. Koenig, BChD, DDS, MS, Bernadette L. Koch, MD, and Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc, FDS, RCPS (Glasg)467 CHARGE SyndromeLisa J. Koenig, BChD, DDS, MS, William T. O'Brien, Sr., DO, FAOCR, and Caroline D. Robson, MBChBTRAUMA468 Mandible FractureLisa J. Koenig, BChD, DDS, MS, Byron W. Benson, DDS, MS, and Michelle A. Michel, MD472 Nasoorbitalethmoid FractureLisa J. Koenig, BChD, DDS, MS, Byron W. Benson, DDS, MS, and Michelle A. Michel, MD474 Complex Midfacial FractureLisa J. Koenig, BChD, DDS, MS, Byron W. Benson, DDS, MS, and Michelle A. Michel, MD476 Zygomaticomaxillary Complex FractureLisa J. Koenig, BChD, DDS, MS and Blair A. Winegar, MD478 Transfacial Fractures (Le Fort)Lisa J. Koenig, BChD, DDS, MS, H. Christian Davidson, MD, and Kathryn E. Dean, MDINFECTION/INFLAMMATION482 Mandible-Maxilla OsteomyelitisSusanne E. Perschbacher, DDS, MSc, FRCDC486 Chronic Recurrent Multifocal OsteomyelitisSusanne E. Perschbacher, DDS, MSc, FRCDC490 Mandible-Maxilla OsteoradionecrosisSusanne E. Perschbacher, DDS, MSc, FRCDC494 Mandible-Maxilla OsteonecrosisSusanne E. Perschbacher, DDS, MSc, FRCDCCYSTS, ODONTOGENIC498 Dentigerous CystLisa J. Koenig, BChD, DDS, MS502 Odontogenic KeratocystSusanne E. Perschbacher, DDS, MSc, FRCDC506 Lateral Periodontal CystLisa J. Koenig, BChD, DDS, MS508 Residual CystLisa J. Koenig, BChD, DDS, MS510 Buccal Bifurcation CystLisa J. Koenig, BChD, DDS, MS514 Calcifying Odontogenic CystLisa J. Koenig, BChD, DDS, MSCYSTS, NONODONTOGENIC516 Mandible-Maxilla Aneurysmal Bone CystLisa J. Koenig, BChD, DDS, MS520 Nasopalatine Duct CystLisa J. Koenig, BChD, DDS, MS524 Nasolabial CystLisa J. Koenig, BChD, DDS, MS and Kristine M. Mosier, DMD, PhD526 Mandible-Maxilla Simple (Traumatic) Bone CystLisa J. Koenig, BChD, DDS, MSFIBROOSSEOUS LESIONS530 Periapical Cementoosseous DysplasiaSusanne E. Perschbacher, DDS, MSc, FRCDC and C. Grace Petrikowski, DDS, MSc, FRCD(C)534 Florid Cementoosseous DysplasiaSusanne E. Perschbacher, DDS, MSc, FRCDC and C. Grace Petrikowski, DDS, MSc, FRCD(C)538 Cementoossifying FibromaSusanne E. Perschbacher, DDS, MSc, FRCDC and C. Grace Petrikowski, DDS, MSc, FRCD(C)542 Mandible-Maxilla Fibrous DysplasiaSusanne E. Perschbacher, DDS, MSc, FRCDC, C. Grace Petrikowski, DDS, MSc, FRCD(C), and Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc, FDS, RCPS (Glasg)548 Segmental Odontomaxillary DysplasiaLisa J. Koenig, BChD, DDS, MSMETABOLIC/SYSTEMIC550 Paget DiseaseSusanne E. Perschbacher, DDS, MSc, FRCDC and C. Grace Petrikowski, DDS, MSc, FRCD(C)NEOPLASM, BENIGN, ODONTOGENIC554 OdontomaDania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc, FDS, RCPS (Glasg)558 Adenomatoid Odontogenic TumorDania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc, FDS, RCPS (Glasg)560 AmeloblastomaSusanne E. Perschbacher, DDS, MSc, FRCDC564 Ameloblastic FibromaLisa J. Koenig, BChD, DDS, MS568 Ameloblastic FibroodontomaDania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc, FDS, RCPS (Glasg)570 Calcifying Epithelial Odontogenic TumorDania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc, FDS, RCPS (Glasg)572 CementoblastomaHusniye Demirturk, DDS, MS, PhD, Brad J. Potter, DDS,MS, and Margot L. Van Dis, DDS, MS574 Odontogenic MyxomaHusniye Demirturk, DDS, MS, PhD, Brad J. Potter, DDS,MS, and Margot L. Van Dis, DDS, MS576 Central Odontogenic FibromaDania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc, FDS, RCPS (Glasg)NEOPLASM, BENIGN, NONODONTOGENIC578 Central (Intraosseous) HemangiomaLisa J. Koenig, BChD, DDS, MS and Byron W. Benson, DDS, MS580 Osteoid OsteomaLisa J. Koenig, BChD, DDS, MS582 OsteoblastomaLisa J. Koenig, BChD, DDS, MS584 Mandible-Maxilla OsteomaLisa J. Koenig, BChD, DDS, MS586 Nerve Sheath TumorLisa J. Koenig, BChD, DDS, MS590 Neurofibromatosis Type 1Lisa J. Koenig, BChD, DDS, MS594 Desmoplastic FibromaLisa J. Koenig, BChD, DDS, MSNEOPLASM, MALIGNANT, ODONTOGENIC596 Malignant Ameloblastoma and Ameloblastic CarcinomaSusanne E. Perschbacher, DDS, MSc, FRCDC and Byron W. Benson, DDS, MSNEOPLASM, MALIGNANT, NONODONTOGENIC598 Mandible-Maxilla MetastasisSusanne E. Perschbacher, DDS, MSc, FRCDC and C. Grace Petrikowski, DDS, MSc, FRCD(C)604 Mandible-Maxilla OsteosarcomaSusanne E. Perschbacher, DDS, MSc, FRCDC and C. Grace Petrikowski, DDS, MSc, FRCD(C)608 Mandible-Maxilla ChondrosarcomaSusanne E. Perschbacher, DDS, MSc, FRCDC and C. Grace Petrikowski, DDS, MSc, FRCD(C)612 Primary Intraosseous CarcinomaSusanne E. Perschbacher, DDS, MSc, FRCDC and C. Grace Petrikowski, DDS, MSc, FRCD(C)614 Central Mucoepidermoid CarcinomaSusanne E. Perschbacher, DDS, MSc, FRCDC and C. Grace Petrikowski, DDS, MSc, FRCD(C)616 Burkitt LymphomaSusanne E. Perschbacher, DDS, MSc, FRCDC and C. Grace Petrikowski, DDS, MSc, FRCD(C)620 Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma of Pharyngeal Mucosal SpaceSurjith Vattoth, MD, FRCR and Patricia A. Hudgins, MD, FACR624 Multiple MyelomaLisa J. Koenig, BChD, DDS, MS628 Ewing SarcomaLisa J. Koenig, BChD, DDS, MS630 LeukemiaLisa J. Koenig, BChD, DDS, MS and Byron W. Benson, DDS, MSTUMOR-LIKE LESIONS632 Mandible-Maxilla Central Giant Cell GranulomaSusanne E. Perschbacher, DDS, MSc, FRCDC636 Langerhans Cell HistiocytosisLisa J. Koenig, BChD, DDS, MSNEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS640 Bell PalsyCan Kocasarac, MD and H. Ric Harnsberger, MD641 Hemifacial SpasmCan Kocasarac, MD and H. Ric Harnsberger, MD642 Trigeminal NeuralgiaCan Kocasarac, MD and H. Ric Harnsberger, MDAUTOIMMUNE644 Systemic SclerosisLisa J. Koenig, BChD, DDS, MSSection 5: Temporomandibular JointCONGENITAL DISORDERS648 Condylar AplasiaDavid Hatcher, DDS, MSc and Lisa J. Koenig, BChD, DDS, MS650 Hemifacial MicrosomiaDavid Hatcher, DDS, MSc and Husniye Demirturk, DDS, MS, PhDDEVELOPMENTAL ACQUIRED DISORDERS654 Condylar HypoplasiaLisa J. Koenig, BChD, DDS, MS, David Hatcher, DDS, MSc, and C. Grace Petrikowski, DDS, MSc, FRCD(C)658 Condylar HyperplasiaLisa J. Koenig, BChD, DDS, MS, Husniye Demirturk, DDS, MS, PhD, and David Hatcher, DDS, MSc664 Coronoid HyperplasiaLisa J. Koenig, BChD, DDS, MS, David Hatcher, DDS, MSc, and Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc, FDS, RCPS (Glas)668 Hemimandibular ElongationDavid Hatcher, DDS, MSc and Husniye Demirturk, DDS, MS, PhD672 Fibrous AnkylosisLisa J. Koenig, BChD, DDS, MS, David Hatcher, DDS, MSc, and Husniye Demirturk, DDS, MS, PhD674 Bony AnkylosisSusanne E. Perschbacher, DDS, MSc, FRCDC and C. Grace Petrikowski, DDS, MSc, FRCD(C)TRAUMA676 TMJ FracturesSusanne E. Perschbacher, DDS, MSc, FRCDC and David Hatcher, DDS, MSc682 TMJ DislocationSusanne E. Perschbacher, DDS, MSc, FRCDC, C. Grace Petrikowski, DDS, MSc, FRCD(C), and Husniye Demirturk, DDS, MS, PhD684 Bifid CondyleSusanne E. Perschbacher, DDS, MSc, FRCDC and C. Grace Petrikowski, DDS, MSc, FRCD(C)688 TMJ Osteochondritis DissecansDavid Hatcher, DDS, MSc and Husniye Demirturk, DDS, MS, PhDINFLAMMATION690 TMJ Rheumatoid ArthritisDavid Hatcher, DDS, MSc, Husniye Demirturk, DDS, MS, PhD, and Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc, FDS, RCPS (Glasg)696 TMJ Juvenile Idiopathic ArthritisDavid Hatcher, DDS, MSc, Lubdha M. Shah, MD, and Husniye Demirturk, DDS, MS, PhD702 Septic ArthritisHusniye Demirturk, DDS, MS, PhD706 TMJ Pigmented Villonodular SynovitisKristine M. Mosier, DMD, PhD and David Hatcher, DDS, MScDEGENERATIVE DISORDERS708 Degenerative Joint DiseaseDavid Hatcher, DDS, MSc, Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc, FDS, RCPS (Glasg), and Husniye Demirturk, DDS, MS, PhD712 Idiopathic Condylar ResorptionDavid Hatcher, DDS, MSc, Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc, FDS, RCPS (Glasg), and Husniye Demirturk, DDS, MS, PhD718 TMJ Synovial CystDavid Hatcher, DDS, MSc and Peruze Celenk, DDS, PhD720 TMJ Ganglion CystHusniye Demirturk, DDS, MS, PhDDISC DERANGEMENT DISORDERS722 Disc Displacement With ReductionRichard W. Katzberg, MD, David Hatcher, DDS, MSc, and Joanne Ethier, DMD, MBA, MS728 Disc Displacement Without ReductionRichard W. Katzberg, MD, David Hatcher, DDS, MSc, and Joanne Ethier, DMD, MBA, MS734 AdhesionsDavid Hatcher, DDS, MScNEOPLASM, BENIGN736 TMJ OsteomaLisa J. Koenig, BChD, DDS, MS and H. Ric Harnsberger, MD738 TMJ OsteochondromaSusanne E. Perschbacher, DDS, MSc, FRCDC, David Hatcher, DDS, MSc, and C. Grace Petrikowski, DDS, MSc, FRCD(C)TUMOR-LIKE LESIONS744 TMJ Calcium Pyrophosphate Dihydrate Deposition DiseaseSusanne E. Perschbacher, DDS, MSc, FRCDC, C. Grace Petrikowski, DDS, MSc, FRCD(C), and Husniye Demirturk, DDS, MS, PhD748 TMJ Primary Synovial ChondromatosisSusanne E. Perschbacher, DDS, MSc, FRCDC, C. Grace Petrikowski, DDS, MSc, FRCD(C), and David Hatcher, DDS, MScNEOPLASM, MALIGNANT752 TMJ OsteosarcomaSusanne E. Perschbacher, DDS, MSc, FRCDC, C. Grace Petrikowski, DDS, MSc, FRCD(C), and Peruze Celenk, DDS, PhD754 TMJ ChondrosarcomaSusanne E. Perschbacher, DDS, MSc, FRCDC and C. Grace Petrikowski, DDS, MSc, FRCD(C)758 TMJ MetastasisSusanne E. Perschbacher, DDS, MSc, FRCDC, C. Grace Petrikowski, DDS, MSc, FRCD(C), and Lisa J. Koenig, BChD, DDS, MSMISCELLANEOUS760 TMJ Simple (Traumatic) Bone CystSusanne E. Perschbacher, DDS, MSc, FRCDC, C. Grace Petrikowski, DDS, MSc, FRCD(C), and Lisa J. Koenig, BChD, DDS, MS762 TMJ, Aneurysmal Bone CystSusanne E. Perschbacher, DDS, MSc, FRCDC and David Hatcher, DDS, MScSection 6: Maxillary Sinus and Nasal CavityNORMAL VARIANTS768 Deviated Nasal SeptumLisa J. Koenig, BChD, DDS, MS and Axel Ruprecht, DDS, MScD, FRCD(C)770 Concha BullosaLisa J. Koenig, BChD, DDS, MS and Axel Ruprecht, DDS, MScD, FRCD(C)772 Accessory OstiaLisa J. Koenig, BChD, DDS, MS and Axel Ruprecht, DDS, MScD, FRCD(C)DEVELOPMENTAL774 Hypoplasia/AplasiaLisa J. Koenig, BChD, DDS, MS and Axel Ruprecht, DDS, MScD, FRCD(C)INFLAMMATION778 Mucus Retention PseudocystLisa J. Koenig, BChD, DDS, MS and Axel Ruprecht, DDS, MScD, FRCD(C)780 Sinonasal MucoceleLisa J. Koenig, BChD, DDS, MS and Philip R. Chapman, MD784 Granulomatosis With Polyangiitis (Wegener)Lisa J. Koenig, BChD, DDS, MS and Philip R. Chapman, MD788 Sinonasal PolyposisLisa J. Koenig, BChD, DDS, MS and Nicholas A. Koontz, MD792 Acute RhinosinusitisLisa J. Koenig, BChD, DDS, MS and Nicholas A. Koontz, MD796 Chronic RhinosinusitisLisa J. Koenig, BChD, DDS, MS and Philip R. Chapman, MD800 Odontogenic SinusitisLisa J. Koenig, BChD, DDS, MS802 Allergic Fungal SinusitisLisa J. Koenig, BChD, DDS, MS, Bronwyn E. Hamilton, MD, and Michelle A. Michel, MD804 Invasive Fungal SinusitisLisa J. Koenig, BChD, DDS, MS and Nicholas A. Koontz, MD808 Sinus MycetomaLisa J. Koenig, BChD, DDS, MS and Aparna Singhal, MDNEOPLASM, BENIGN810 Sinonasal Inverted PapillomaLisa J. Koenig, BChD, DDS, MS and Yoshimi Anzai, MD, MPH814 Sinonasal OsteomaLisa J. Koenig, BChD, DDS, MSNEOPLASM, MALIGNANT818 Sinonasal Squamous Cell CarcinomaLisa J. Koenig, BChD, DDS, MS and Yoshimi Anzai, MD, MPH822 Sinonasal Adenoid Cystic CarcinomaLisa J. Koenig, BChD, DDS, MS, Axel Ruprecht, DDS, MScD, FRCD(C), and Michelle A. Michel, MD824 Nasopharyngeal CarcinomaLisa J. Koenig, BChD, DDS, MS, Aparna Singhal, MD, and Luke N. Ledbetter, MD828 Sinonasal MelanomaLisa J. Koenig, BChD, DDS, MS and Yoshimi Anzai, MD, MPHFIBROOSSEOUS LESIONS830 Sinonasal Fibrous DysplasiaLisa J. Koenig, BChD, DDS, MS834 Sinonasal Ossifying FibromaLisa J. Koenig, BChD, DDS, MS, Axel Ruprecht, DDS, MScD, FRCD(C), and Michelle A. Michel, MDSection 7: Masticator SpaceINFECTION840 Masticator Space AbscessLisa J. Koenig, BChD, DDS, MS and Bronwyn E. Hamilton, MDDEGENERATIVE844 Masticator Muscle AtrophyLisa J. Koenig, BChD, DDS, MS and Rebecca S. Cornelius, MD, FACRNEOPLASM, BENIGN848 Masticator Space CNV3 SchwannomaLisa J. Koenig, BChD, DDS, MS and Rebecca S. Cornelius, MD, FACRNEOPLASM, MALIGNANT850 Masticator Space ChondrosarcomaLisa J. Koenig, BChD, DDS, MS and Bronwyn E. Hamilton, MD854 Masticator Space SarcomaLisa J. Koenig, BChD, DDS, MS and Bronwyn E. Hamilton, MD858 Masticator Space CNV3 Perineural TumorLisa J. Koenig, BChD, DDS, MS and Bronwyn E. Hamilton, MDMISCELLANEOUS/IDIOPATHIC862 Benign Masticator Muscle HypertrophyLisa J. Koenig, BChD, DDS, MS, Bronwyn E. Hamilton, MD, and Rebecca S. Cornelius, MD, FACRSection 8: Parotid SpaceINFLAMMATION866 Benign Lymphoepithelial Cysts-HIVLisa J. Koenig, BChD, DDS, MS, Philip R. Chapman, MD, and H. Ric Harnsberger, MD870 Parotid SialadenitisLisa J. Koenig, BChD, DDS, MS and Byron W. Benson, DDS, MSNEOPLASM, BENIGN872 Parotid Benign Mixed TumorLisa J. Koenig, BChD, DDS, MS, Bronwyn E. Hamilton, MD, and H. Ric Harnsberger, MD876 Warthin TumorLisa J. Koenig, BChD, DDS, MS, Bronwyn E. Hamilton, MD, and H. Ric Harnsberger, MD880 Parotid SchwannomaLisa J. Koenig, BChD, DDS, MS and Hilda E. Stambuk, MDNEOPLASM, MALIGNANT882 Parotid Malignant Mixed TumorLisa J. Koenig, BChD, DDS, MS and Bronwyn E. Hamilton, MD884 Parotid Mucoepidermoid CarcinomaLisa J. Koenig, BChD, DDS, MS and Bronwyn E. Hamilton, MD888 Parotid Adenoid Cystic CarcinomaLisa J. Koenig, BChD, DDS, MS, Bronwyn E. Hamilton, MD, and Barton F. Branstetter, IV, MD, FACR890 Parotid Non-Hodgkin LymphomaLisa J. Koenig, BChD, DDS, MS and Bronwyn E. Hamilton, MD894 Metastatic Disease of Parotid NodesLisa J. Koenig, BChD, DDS, MS and Bronwyn E. Hamilton, MDAUTOIMMUNE898 Parotid Sjögren SyndromeLisa J. Koenig, BChD, DDS, MS and Bronwyn E. Hamilton, MD902 Invasive Pseudotumor (IgG4-Related Disease)Lisa J. Koenig, BChD, DDS, MS and Axel Ruprecht, DDS, MScD, FRCD(C)MISCELLANEOUS/IDIOPATHIC904 Parotid SialolithsLisa J. Koenig, BChD, DDS, MS and Byron W. Benson, DDS, MSSection 9: Cervical SpineDEVELOPMENTAL ALTERATIONS908 C2-C3 FusionDania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc, FDS, RCPS (Glasg) and Kevin R. Moore, MD910 Klippel-Feil SpectrumLisa J. Koenig, BChD, DDS, MS and Kevin R. Moore, MD912 C1 AssimilationDania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc, FDS, RCPS (Glasg) and Kevin R. Moore, MD914 Ponticulus PosticusDania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc, FDS, RCPS (Glasg) and Kevin R. Moore, MD916 Ossiculum TerminaleDania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc, FDS, RCPS (Glasg) and Kevin R. Moore, MD918 Split AtlasDania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc, FDS, RCPS (Glasg) and Kevin R. Moore, MD920 Os OdontoideumDania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc, FDS, RCPS (Glasg), Kevin R. Moore, MD, and Jeffrey S. Ross, MD924 Os Avis (Fused to Clivus)Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc, FDS, RCPS (Glasg) and Kevin R. Moore, MD926 Odontoid Hypoplasia/AplasiaDania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc, FDS, RCPS (Glasg) and Kevin R. Moore, MD928 Failure of FormationDania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc, FDS, RCPS (Glasg) and Kevin R. Moore, MD932 Failure of SegmentationDania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc, FDS, RCPS (Glasg) and Kevin R. Moore, MDDEGENERATIVE DISORDERS936 Degenerative Arthritis of CVJCheryl A. Petersilge, MD, MBA and Noura Alsufyani, BDS, MSc, PhD940 Ossification of Posterior Longitudinal LigamentDania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc, FDS, RCPS (Glasg), Cheryl A. Petersilge, MD, MBA, and Noura Alsufyani, BDS, MSc, PhD944 Diffuse Idiopathic Skeletal HyperostosisDania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc, FDS, RCPS (Glasg), Cheryl A. Petersilge, MD, MBA, and Noura Alsufyani, BDS, MSc, PhD948 Cervical Facet ArthropathyDania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc, FDS, RCPS (Glasg), Jeffrey S. Ross, MD, and Noura Alsufyani, BDS, MSc, PhDTUMOR AND TUMOR-LIKE LESIONS952 Hemangioma, Cervical SpineDania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc, FDS, RCPS (Glasg) and Cheryl A. Petersilge, MD, MBA956 Lytic and Blastic MetastasesDania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc, FDS, RCPS (Glasg) and Cheryl A. Petersilge, MD, MBAFIBROOSSEOUS960 Fibrous Dysplasia, Cervical SpineDania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc, FDS, RCPS (Glasg), Cheryl A. Petersilge, MD, MBA, and Julia R. Crim, MDMISCELLANEOUS962 Tumoral CalcinosisDania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc, FDS, RCPS (Glasg), Jeffrey S. Ross, MD, and Lubdha M. Shah, MDPART IV: DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSESSection 1: TeethALTERATIONS IN TOOTH NUMBER966 Extra TeethHusniye Demirturk, DDS, MS, PhD, Brad J. Potter, DDS, MS, and Margot L. Van Dis, DDS, MS968 Missing TeethHusniye Demirturk, DDS, MS, PhD, Brad J. Potter, DDS, MS, and Margot L. Van Dis, DDS, MSALTERATIONS IN TOOTH MORPHOLOGY/SHAPE970 Crown ChangesLisa J. Koenig, BChD, DDS, MS, Brad J. Potter, DDS, MS, and Margot L. Van Dis, DDS, MS972 Root ChangesHusniye Demirturk, DDS, MS, PhD, Brad J. Potter, DDS, MS, and Margot L. Van Dis, DDS, MSSection 2: Mandible and MaxillaALTERATIONS IN SUPPORTING STRUCTURES OF TEETH978 Periapical RadiolucenciesDania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc, FDS, RCPS (Glasg)982 Periapical Radiopacities and Mixed LesionsDania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc, FDS, RCPS (Glasg)984 Floating TeethLisa J. Koenig, BChD, DDS, MS986 Widened Periodontal Ligament SpaceLisa J. Koenig, BChD, DDS, MS988 Lamina Dura ChangesLisa J. Koenig, BChD, DDS, MSRADIOLUCENCIES992 Well-Defined Unilocular RadiolucenciesLisa J. Koenig, BChD, DDS, MS996 Pericoronal Radiolucencies Without RadiopacitiesLisa J. Koenig, BChD, DDS, MS998 Pericoronal Radiolucencies With RadiopacitiesLisa J. Koenig, BChD, DDS, MS1000 Multilocular RadiolucenciesHusniye Demirturk, DDS, MS, PhD, Brad J. Potter, DDS, MS, and Margot L. Van Dis, DDS, MS1004 Ill-Defined RadiolucenciesLisa J. Koenig, BChD, DDS, MS and Byron W. Benson, DDS, MS1010 Generalized RarefactionDania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc, FDS, RCPS (Glasg)RADIOPACITIES1014 Well-Defined RadiopacitiesHusniye Demirturk, DDS, MS, PhD, Brad J. Potter, DDS, MS, and Margot L. Van Dis, DDS, MS1018 Ground-Glass and Granular RadiopacitiesDania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc, FDS, RCPS (Glasg)1024 Generalized RadiopacitiesDania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc, FDS, RCPS (Glasg)PERIOSTEAL REACTIONS1028 Periosteal ReactionsDania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc, FDS, RCPS (Glasg)Section 3: Oral CavityANATOMICALLY BASED LESIONS1036 Submandibular Space LesionsLisa J. Koenig, BChD, DDS, MS and Bernadette L. Koch, MD1042 Parotid Space LesionsLisa J. Koenig, BChD, DDS, MS and Bronwyn E. Hamilton, MD1048 Sublingual Space LesionsLisa J. Koenig, BChD, DDS, MS and Byron W. Benson, DDS, MS1052 Oral Mucosal Space/Surface LesionsLisa J. Koenig, BChD, DDS, MS and Byron W. Benson, DDS, MS1056 Root-of-Tongue LesionsLisa J. Koenig, BChD, DDS, MS, Bernadette L. Koch, MD, and Jolanta M. Dennis, MDMISCELLANEOUS1060 Soft Tissue CalcificationsHusniye Demirturk, DDS, MS, PhD, Brad J. Potter, DDS, MS, and Margot L. Van Dis, DDS, MSSection 4: Temporomandibular JointCHANGES IN CONDYLAR SIZE AND FUNCTION1066 Small CondyleSusanne E. Perschbacher, DDS, MSc, FRCDC, C. Grace Petrikowski, DDS, MSc, FRCD(C), and Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc, FDS, RCPS (Glasg)1072 Large CondyleSusanne E. Perschbacher, DDS, MSc, FRCDC, C. Grace Petrikowski, DDS, MSc, FRCD(C), and Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc, FDS, RCPS (Glasg)1076 Limited Condylar TranslationSusanne E. Perschbacher, DDS, MSc, FRCDC and C. Grace Petrikowski, DDS, MSc, FRCD(C)MASS LESIONS1080 TMJ RadiolucenciesSusanne E. Perschbacher, DDS, MSc, FRCDC and C. Grace Petrikowski, DDS, MSc, FRCD(C)1082 TMJ RadiopacitiesSusanne E. Perschbacher, DDS, MSc, FRCDC, C. Grace Petrikowski, DDS, MSc, FRCD(C), and Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc, FDS, RCPS (Glasg)MISCELLANEOUS1086 TMJ Articular Loose BodiesSusanne E. Perschbacher, DDS, MSc, FRCDC, C. Grace Petrikowski, DDS, MSc, FRCD(C), and Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc, FDS, RCPS (Glasg)Section 5: Maxillary Sinus and Nasal CavityNASAL LESIONS1090 Nasal Septal PerforationLisa J. Koenig, BChD, DDS, MS, Luke N. Ledbetter, MD, and Michelle A. Michel, MD1092 Nasal Lesions Without Bone DestructionLisa J. Koenig, BChD, DDS, MS, Michelle A. Michel, MD, and Daniel E. Meltzer, MD1096 Nasal Lesions With Bone DestructionLisa J. Koenig, BChD, DDS, MS and Axel Ruprecht, DDS, MScD, FRCD(C)1100 Sinonasal Fibroosseous and Cartilaginous LesionsLisa J. Koenig, BChD, DDS, MS and Axel Ruprecht, DDS, MScD, FRCD(C)SINUS LESIONS1102 Paranasal Sinus Lesions Without Bone DestructionLisa J. Koenig, BChD, DDS, MS and Axel Ruprecht, DDS, MScD, FRCD(C)1106 Paranasal Sinus Lesions With Bone DestructionLisa J. Koenig, BChD, DDS, MS, Daniel E. Meltzer, MD, and Michelle A. Michel, MDMISCELLANEOUS1110 Displaced Dental Structures Into AntrumLisa J. Koenig, BChD, DDS, MSSection 6: Cervical Spine1114 Odontoid DeformityLisa J. Koenig, BChD, DDS, MS, Jeffrey S. Ross, MD, and Julia R. Crim, MD