Dr Rajkumar Rajendram is a clinician scientist with a focus on internal medicine, anaesthesia, intensive care and peri-operative medicine. He graduated with distinctions from Guy’s, King’s and St. Thomas Medical School, King’s College London in 2001. As an undergraduate he was awarded several prizes, merits and distinctions in pre-clinical and clinical subjects. Dr Rajendram began his post-graduate medical training in general medicine and intensive care in Oxford. He attained membership of the Royal College of Physicians (MRCP) in 2004 and completed specialist training in acute and general medicine in Oxford in 2010. Dr Rajendram subsequently practiced as a Consultant in Acute General Medicine at the John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford. Dr Rajendram also trained in anaesthesia and intensive care in London and was awarded a fellowship of the Royal College of Anaesthetists (FRCA) in 2009. He completed advanced training in regional anaesthesia and intensive care. He was awarded a fellowship of the Faculty of Intensive Care Medicine (FFICM) in 2013 and obtained the European diploma of intensive care medicine (EDIC) in 2014. He then moved to the Royal Free London Hospitals as a Consultant in Intensive Care, Anaesthesia and Peri-operative Medicine. He has been a fellow of the Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh (FRCP Edin) and the Royal College of Physicians of London (FRCP Lond) since 2017 and 2019 respectively. He is currently a Consultant in Internal Medicine at King Abdulaziz Medical City, National Guard Heath Affairs, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.Dr Rajendram’s focus on improving outcomes from Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) has involved research on point of care ultrasound and phenotypes of COVID-19. Dr Rajendram also recognises that nutritional support is a fundamental aspect of medical care. This is particularly important for patients with COVID-19. As a clinician scientist he has therefore devoted significant time and effort into nutritional science research and education. He is an affiliated member of the Nutritional Sciences Research Division of King’s College London and has published over 400 textbook chapters, review articles, peer-reviewed papers and abstracts.Vinood B. Patel, BSc, PhD, FRSC, is currently Professor in Clinical Biochemistry at the University of Westminster. In 2014 Dr Patel was elected as a Fellow to The Royal Society of Chemistry. Dr Patel graduated from the University of Portsmouth with a degree in Pharmacology and completed his PhD in protein metabolism from King’s College London in 1997. His postdoctoral work was carried out at Wake Forest University Baptist Medical School, NC, USA studying structural-functional alterations to mitochondrial ribosomes, where he developed novel techniques to characterize their biophysical properties. Research is being undertaken to study the role of nutrients, antioxidants, phytochemicals, iron, alcohol and fatty acids in the pathophysiology of liver disease. Other areas of interest are identifying new biomarkers that can be used for the diagnosis and prognosis of disease and understanding mitochondrial oxidative stress in neurological disorders and iron dysregulation in diabetes. Dr Patel is a nationally and internationally recognized researcher and has several edited biomedical books related to the use or investigation of active agents or components. These books include The Handbook of Nutrition, Diet, and Epigenetics, Branched Chain Amino Acids in Clinical Nutrition, Cancer: Oxidative Stress and Dietary Antioxidants, Toxicology: Oxidative Stress and Dietary Antioxidants, Molecular Nutrition: Vitamins, The Neuroscience of Pain, Cognitive Behavioural Therapy. He is Editor of the ten-volume series Biomarkers in Disease: Methods, Discoveries and Applications. Victor R. Preedy BSc, PhD, DSc, FRSB, FRSPH, FRSC, FRCPath graduated with an Honours Degree in Biology and Physiology with Pharmacology. After gaining his University of London PhD, he received his Membership of the Royal College of Pathologists. He was later awarded his second doctorate (DSc), for his contribution to protein metabolism in health and disease. He is Professor of Clinical Biochemistry (Hon) at King’s College Hospital and Emeritus Professor of Nutritional Biochemistry at King’s College London. He has Honorary Professorships at the University of Hull, and the University of Suffolk. Professor Preedy was the Founding Director and then long-term Director of the Genomics Centre at King’s College London from 2006 to 2020. Professor Preedy has been awarded fellowships of the Royal Society of Biology, the Royal College of Pathologists, the Royal Society for the Promotion of Health, the Royal Institute of Public Health, the Royal Society for Public Health, the Royal Society of Chemistry and the Royal Society of Medicine. He carried out research when attached to the National Heart Hospital (part of Imperial College London), The School of Pharmacy (now part of University College London) and the MRC Centre at Northwick Park Hospital. He has collaborated with international research groups in Finland, Japan, Australia, USA, and Germany. To his credit, Professor Preedy has published over 750 articles, which includes peer-reviewed manuscripts based on original research, abstracts and symposium presentations, reviews and edited books.

• PrefaceSection 1: Setting the Scene and Introductory Chapters1. A synopsis of mpox2. Monkeypox unveiled: understanding its impact on public health3. Human mpox (monkeypox) virus and its evolution4. Importance of emerging lineages of mpox (monkeypox) virus: an updated narrative5. Bridging borders: the collective fight against monkeypox outbreaks6. Social media and the response to mpox (monkeypox)Section 2: The Biology And Transmission Of mpox (monkeypox)7. Monkeypox virus: fundamental features of its particle, replication cycle, cytopathic effects and research models8. Biology of the mpox virus and the cysteine protease structures and basis of in silico studies9. The serial interval distributions of the mpox virus infection10. Investigating mpox: linking web tools and genomic analysis11. Mathematical Modelling of Mpox: A ReviewSection 3: Detection And Confirmation12. Development, validation, and use of assays within the clinical diagnostic and Emergency Use Authorization/Food and Drug Administration (EUA/FDA) contexts13. Primers and Probes for the Diagnostics of mpox (monkeypox) Virus14. Monkeypox and wastewater surveillance: tracing the spread of a viral outbreak through environmental monitoringSection 4: Effects On the Body. Tissues And Organs Systems15. Time related change in skin lesions and their progression16. Atypical skin manifestations of mpox17. Variations in clinical features and symptoms in mpox (monkeypox) infection: fever and beyond18. Otolaryngological features of mpox: lymphadenopathy, pharyngeal and airways19. Cardiac involvement of mpox (monkeypox)Section 5: Vaccinations, Treatments And Alleviation Of Symptomology20. The psychological responses of mpox (monkeypox) virus vaccination in health care workers: international aspects21. Immunoinformatics and mpox (monkeypox) virus vaccines22. Barriers to mass vaccination against monkeypox: an overview23. Approved and experimental antivirals for mpox24. Repurposing drugs for monkeypox using artificial intelligence25. Monkey Pox clinical management-A Review26. Treating pustular skin lesions in viral infection: mpox and beyond27. Treating concomitant HIV and mpox virus infectionSection 6: Case Studies28. Case Study: Mpox (monkeypox) and a typical scenario of clinical presentation, diagnosis and successful treatment29. Case Study: Heterosexual transmission of mpox30. Case Report: Simultaneous presentation of human monkeypox virus and sexually transmited diseases (STDs): a diagnostic and management challenge31. Case study: Anatomopathological findings in different mpox cutaneous lesions32. Case Study: Scaring and quality of life in mpoxSection 7: Resources33. Resources for the study and investigation of mpox (monkeypox)

Dr Rajkumar Rajendram is a clinician scientist with a focus on internal medicine, anaesthesia, intensive care and peri-operative medicine. He graduated with distinctions from Guy’s, King’s and St. Thomas Medical School, King’s College London in 2001. As an undergraduate he was awarded several prizes, merits and distinctions in pre-clinical and clinical subjects. Dr Rajendram began his post-graduate medical training in general medicine and intensive care in Oxford. He attained membership of the Royal College of Physicians (MRCP) in 2004 and completed specialist training in acute and general medicine in Oxford in 2010. Dr Rajendram subsequently practiced as a Consultant in Acute General Medicine at the John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford. Dr Rajendram also trained in anaesthesia and intensive care in London and was awarded a fellowship of the Royal College of Anaesthetists (FRCA) in 2009. He completed advanced training in regional anaesthesia and intensive care. He was awarded a fellowship of the Faculty of Intensive Care Medicine (FFICM) in 2013 and obtained the European diploma of intensive care medicine (EDIC) in 2014. He then moved to the Royal Free London Hospitals as a Consultant in Intensive Care, Anaesthesia and Peri-operative Medicine. He has been a fellow of the Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh (FRCP Edin) and the Royal College of Physicians of London (FRCP Lond) since 2017 and 2019 respectively. He is currently a Consultant in Internal Medicine at King Abdulaziz Medical City, National Guard Heath Affairs, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.Dr Rajendram’s focus on improving outcomes from Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) has involved research on point of care ultrasound and phenotypes of COVID-19. Dr Rajendram also recognises that nutritional support is a fundamental aspect of medical care. This is particularly important for patients with COVID-19. As a clinician scientist he has therefore devoted significant time and effort into nutritional science research and education. He is an affiliated member of the Nutritional Sciences Research Division of King’s College London and has published over 400 textbook chapters, review articles, peer-reviewed papers and abstracts.Vinood B. Patel, BSc, PhD, FRSC, is currently Professor in Clinical Biochemistry at the University of Westminster. In 2014 Dr Patel was elected as a Fellow to The Royal Society of Chemistry. Dr Patel graduated from the University of Portsmouth with a degree in Pharmacology and completed his PhD in protein metabolism from King’s College London in 1997. His postdoctoral work was carried out at Wake Forest University Baptist Medical School, NC, USA studying structural-functional alterations to mitochondrial ribosomes, where he developed novel techniques to characterize their biophysical properties. Research is being undertaken to study the role of nutrients, antioxidants, phytochemicals, iron, alcohol and fatty acids in the pathophysiology of liver disease. Other areas of interest are identifying new biomarkers that can be used for the diagnosis and prognosis of disease and understanding mitochondrial oxidative stress in neurological disorders and iron dysregulation in diabetes. Dr Patel is a nationally and internationally recognized researcher and has several edited biomedical books related to the use or investigation of active agents or components. These books include The Handbook of Nutrition, Diet, and Epigenetics, Branched Chain Amino Acids in Clinical Nutrition, Cancer: Oxidative Stress and Dietary Antioxidants, Toxicology: Oxidative Stress and Dietary Antioxidants, Molecular Nutrition: Vitamins, The Neuroscience of Pain, Cognitive Behavioural Therapy. He is Editor of the ten-volume series Biomarkers in Disease: Methods, Discoveries and Applications. Victor R. Preedy BSc, PhD, DSc, FRSB, FRSPH, FRSC, FRCPath graduated with an Honours Degree in Biology and Physiology with Pharmacology. After gaining his University of London PhD, he received his Membership of the Royal College of Pathologists. He was later awarded his second doctorate (DSc), for his contribution to protein metabolism in health and disease. He is Professor of Clinical Biochemistry (Hon) at King’s College Hospital and Emeritus Professor of Nutritional Biochemistry at King’s College London. He has Honorary Professorships at the University of Hull, and the University of Suffolk. Professor Preedy was the Founding Director and then long-term Director of the Genomics Centre at King’s College London from 2006 to 2020. Professor Preedy has been awarded fellowships of the Royal Society of Biology, the Royal College of Pathologists, the Royal Society for the Promotion of Health, the Royal Institute of Public Health, the Royal Society for Public Health, the Royal Society of Chemistry and the Royal Society of Medicine. He carried out research when attached to the National Heart Hospital (part of Imperial College London), The School of Pharmacy (now part of University College London) and the MRC Centre at Northwick Park Hospital. He has collaborated with international research groups in Finland, Japan, Australia, USA, and Germany. To his credit, Professor Preedy has published over 750 articles, which includes peer-reviewed manuscripts based on original research, abstracts and symposium presentations, reviews and edited books.

• PrefaceSection 1: Setting the Scene and Introductory Chapters1. A synopsis of mpox2. Monkeypox unveiled: understanding its impact on public health3. Human mpox (monkeypox) virus and its evolution4. Importance of emerging lineages of mpox (monkeypox) virus: an updated narrative5. Bridging borders: the collective fight against monkeypox outbreaks6. Social media and the response to mpox (monkeypox)Section 2: The Biology And Transmission Of mpox (monkeypox)7. Monkeypox virus: fundamental features of its particle, replication cycle, cytopathic effects and research models8. Biology of the mpox virus and the cysteine protease structures and basis of in silico studies9. The serial interval distributions of the mpox virus infection10. Investigating mpox: linking web tools and genomic analysis11. Mathematical Modelling of Mpox: A ReviewSection 3: Detection And Confirmation12. Development, validation, and use of assays within the clinical diagnostic and Emergency Use Authorization/Food and Drug Administration (EUA/FDA) contexts13. Primers and Probes for the Diagnostics of mpox (monkeypox) Virus14. Monkeypox and wastewater surveillance: tracing the spread of a viral outbreak through environmental monitoringSection 4: Effects On the Body. Tissues And Organs Systems15. Time related change in skin lesions and their progression16. Atypical skin manifestations of mpox17. Variations in clinical features and symptoms in mpox (monkeypox) infection: fever and beyond18. Otolaryngological features of mpox: lymphadenopathy, pharyngeal and airways19. Cardiac involvement of mpox (monkeypox)Section 5: Vaccinations, Treatments And Alleviation Of Symptomology20. The psychological responses of mpox (monkeypox) virus vaccination in health care workers: international aspects21. Immunoinformatics and mpox (monkeypox) virus vaccines22. Barriers to mass vaccination against monkeypox: an overview23. Approved and experimental antivirals for mpox24. Repurposing drugs for monkeypox using artificial intelligence25. Monkey Pox clinical management-A Review26. Treating pustular skin lesions in viral infection: mpox and beyond27. Treating concomitant HIV and mpox virus infectionSection 6: Case Studies28. Case Study: Mpox (monkeypox) and a typical scenario of clinical presentation, diagnosis and successful treatment29. Case Study: Heterosexual transmission of mpox30. Case Report: Simultaneous presentation of human monkeypox virus and sexually transmited diseases (STDs): a diagnostic and management challenge31. Case study: Anatomopathological findings in different mpox cutaneous lesions32. Case Study: Scaring and quality of life in mpoxSection 7: Resources33. Resources for the study and investigation of mpox (monkeypox)

Dr Rajkumar Rajendram is a clinician scientist with a focus on internal medicine, anaesthesia, intensive care and peri-operative medicine. He graduated with distinctions from Guy’s, King’s and St. Thomas Medical School, King’s College London in 2001. As an undergraduate he was awarded several prizes, merits and distinctions in pre-clinical and clinical subjects. Dr Rajendram began his post-graduate medical training in general medicine and intensive care in Oxford. He attained membership of the Royal College of Physicians (MRCP) in 2004 and completed specialist training in acute and general medicine in Oxford in 2010. Dr Rajendram subsequently practiced as a Consultant in Acute General Medicine at the John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford. Dr Rajendram also trained in anaesthesia and intensive care in London and was awarded a fellowship of the Royal College of Anaesthetists (FRCA) in 2009. He completed advanced training in regional anaesthesia and intensive care. He was awarded a fellowship of the Faculty of Intensive Care Medicine (FFICM) in 2013 and obtained the European diploma of intensive care medicine (EDIC) in 2014. He then moved to the Royal Free London Hospitals as a Consultant in Intensive Care, Anaesthesia and Peri-operative Medicine. He has been a fellow of the Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh (FRCP Edin) and the Royal College of Physicians of London (FRCP Lond) since 2017 and 2019 respectively. He is currently a Consultant in Internal Medicine at King Abdulaziz Medical City, National Guard Heath Affairs, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.Dr Rajendram’s focus on improving outcomes from Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) has involved research on point of care ultrasound and phenotypes of COVID-19. Dr Rajendram also recognises that nutritional support is a fundamental aspect of medical care. This is particularly important for patients with COVID-19. As a clinician scientist he has therefore devoted significant time and effort into nutritional science research and education. He is an affiliated member of the Nutritional Sciences Research Division of King’s College London and has published over 400 textbook chapters, review articles, peer-reviewed papers and abstracts.Vinood B. Patel, BSc, PhD, FRSC, is currently Professor in Clinical Biochemistry at the University of Westminster. In 2014 Dr Patel was elected as a Fellow to The Royal Society of Chemistry. Dr Patel graduated from the University of Portsmouth with a degree in Pharmacology and completed his PhD in protein metabolism from King’s College London in 1997. His postdoctoral work was carried out at Wake Forest University Baptist Medical School, NC, USA studying structural-functional alterations to mitochondrial ribosomes, where he developed novel techniques to characterize their biophysical properties. Research is being undertaken to study the role of nutrients, antioxidants, phytochemicals, iron, alcohol and fatty acids in the pathophysiology of liver disease. Other areas of interest are identifying new biomarkers that can be used for the diagnosis and prognosis of disease and understanding mitochondrial oxidative stress in neurological disorders and iron dysregulation in diabetes. Dr Patel is a nationally and internationally recognized researcher and has several edited biomedical books related to the use or investigation of active agents or components. These books include The Handbook of Nutrition, Diet, and Epigenetics, Branched Chain Amino Acids in Clinical Nutrition, Cancer: Oxidative Stress and Dietary Antioxidants, Toxicology: Oxidative Stress and Dietary Antioxidants, Molecular Nutrition: Vitamins, The Neuroscience of Pain, Cognitive Behavioural Therapy. He is Editor of the ten-volume series Biomarkers in Disease: Methods, Discoveries and Applications. Victor R. Preedy BSc, PhD, DSc, FRSB, FRSPH, FRSC, FRCPath graduated with an Honours Degree in Biology and Physiology with Pharmacology. After gaining his University of London PhD, he received his Membership of the Royal College of Pathologists. He was later awarded his second doctorate (DSc), for his contribution to protein metabolism in health and disease. He is Professor of Clinical Biochemistry (Hon) at King’s College Hospital and Emeritus Professor of Nutritional Biochemistry at King’s College London. He has Honorary Professorships at the University of Hull, and the University of Suffolk. Professor Preedy was the Founding Director and then long-term Director of the Genomics Centre at King’s College London from 2006 to 2020. Professor Preedy has been awarded fellowships of the Royal Society of Biology, the Royal College of Pathologists, the Royal Society for the Promotion of Health, the Royal Institute of Public Health, the Royal Society for Public Health, the Royal Society of Chemistry and the Royal Society of Medicine. He carried out research when attached to the National Heart Hospital (part of Imperial College London), The School of Pharmacy (now part of University College London) and the MRC Centre at Northwick Park Hospital. He has collaborated with international research groups in Finland, Japan, Australia, USA, and Germany. To his credit, Professor Preedy has published over 750 articles, which includes peer-reviewed manuscripts based on original research, abstracts and symposium presentations, reviews and edited books.

• PrefaceSection 1: Setting the Scene and Introductory Chapters1. A synopsis of mpox2. Monkeypox unveiled: understanding its impact on public health3. Human mpox (monkeypox) virus and its evolution4. Importance of emerging lineages of mpox (monkeypox) virus: an updated narrative5. Bridging borders: the collective fight against monkeypox outbreaks6. Social media and the response to mpox (monkeypox)Section 2: The Biology And Transmission Of mpox (monkeypox)7. Monkeypox virus: fundamental features of its particle, replication cycle, cytopathic effects and research models8. Biology of the mpox virus and the cysteine protease structures and basis of in silico studies9. The serial interval distributions of the mpox virus infection10. Investigating mpox: linking web tools and genomic analysis11. Mathematical Modelling of Mpox: A ReviewSection 3: Detection And Confirmation12. Development, validation, and use of assays within the clinical diagnostic and Emergency Use Authorization/Food and Drug Administration (EUA/FDA) contexts13. Primers and Probes for the Diagnostics of mpox (monkeypox) Virus14. Monkeypox and wastewater surveillance: tracing the spread of a viral outbreak through environmental monitoringSection 4: Effects On the Body. Tissues And Organs Systems15. Time related change in skin lesions and their progression16. Atypical skin manifestations of mpox17. Variations in clinical features and symptoms in mpox (monkeypox) infection: fever and beyond18. Otolaryngological features of mpox: lymphadenopathy, pharyngeal and airways19. Cardiac involvement of mpox (monkeypox)Section 5: Vaccinations, Treatments And Alleviation Of Symptomology20. The psychological responses of mpox (monkeypox) virus vaccination in health care workers: international aspects21. Immunoinformatics and mpox (monkeypox) virus vaccines22. Barriers to mass vaccination against monkeypox: an overview23. Approved and experimental antivirals for mpox24. Repurposing drugs for monkeypox using artificial intelligence25. Monkey Pox clinical management-A Review26. Treating pustular skin lesions in viral infection: mpox and beyond27. Treating concomitant HIV and mpox virus infectionSection 6: Case Studies28. Case Study: Mpox (monkeypox) and a typical scenario of clinical presentation, diagnosis and successful treatment29. Case Study: Heterosexual transmission of mpox30. Case Report: Simultaneous presentation of human monkeypox virus and sexually transmited diseases (STDs): a diagnostic and management challenge31. Case study: Anatomopathological findings in different mpox cutaneous lesions32. Case Study: Scaring and quality of life in mpoxSection 7: Resources33. Resources for the study and investigation of mpox (monkeypox)