Encyclopedia of Statistics in Quality and Reliability

Editors-in-Chief Fabrizio Ruggeri, CNR-IMATI, Milan, ItalyProf. Ruggeri's research interests include reliability, general statistical modelling with applications in industry, and Bayesian statistics. He is a former President of the European Network for Business and Industrial Statistics (ENBIS) and former Board member of the International Society for Bayesian Analysis (ISBA). He edited two volumes on Bayesian Robustness and special issues of journals. He also served as the Editor (1999-2002) of the ISBA Bulletin and is currently Editor-in-Chief of Applied Stochastic Models in Business and Industry and an Editor of Bayesian Analysis. He is Co-Director of the Applied Bayesian Statistics summer school (ABS) and Chair of the Scientific Committee of the Bayesian Inference in Stochastic Processes (BISP) series of workshops. He is a faculty in the Ph.D. programme in Mathematics and Statisics at the University of Pavia and the Master programme in Applied Mathematics for Industry at University of Milano Bicocca. He has been member of many committees, including Savage Award, De Groot Award and Box Medal. He is the author of nearly 100 publications.Ron S. Kenett, KPA Ltd, Raanana, Israel and University of Turin, Turin, Italy. Professor Kenett’s interests include Strategic Planning and Quality Management, Industrial Statistics and Biostatistics, Statistical Process Control and Design of Experiments, Survey Methodology and Software Quality. He is a Fellow of the Royal Statistical Society, a Senior Member of the American Society for Quality,past member of the board of the Israeli Statistical Association and past president of ENBIS, the European Network for Business and Industrial Statistics. He is editor in chief of the journal Quality Technology and Quantitative Management and associate editor of the Journal of the Royal Statistical Society (A) and Applied Stochastic Models in Business and Industry. He is co author of 4 books and over 130 papers, including Modern Industrial Statistics (with S. Zacks), Duxbury Press 1998, and  Software Process Quality - Management and Control (with E. Baker) Marcel Dekker Inc., 1999. Ron has been a consultant for leading corporations such as AT&T, hp, EDS, SanDisk, IBM and Amdocs. His career has combined academic positions with activity in the industrial and business sector.Frederick W. Faltin, The Faltin Group, Cody, WY, USAMr. Faltin’s interests include Managing Six Sigma, Design for Six Sigma, Business Process Simulation & Optimization, Financial Quality, Supply Chain Management, and Design of Experiments.  He is a Fellow of the American Statistical Association, a recipient of the Shewell Prize of the American Society for Quality, and has served on the selection committees of various ASQ awards. He served on the Editorial Review Board of the Journal of Quality Technology, is a past Chair of ASA's Quality and Productivity Section, and is a member of the boards of the Quality & Productivity Research Conference and the Fall Technical Conference. Mr. Faltin has published dozens of papers on applications of mathematics & statistics, and has authored Six Sigma curricula for a number of prominent companies, including Motorola—the company that invented Six Sigma. He was formerly manager of the Strategic Enterprise Technologies laboratory at GE’s Global Research Center, and is today Managing Director of The Faltin Group, which he founded in 1999.EditorsBasics StatisticsJeroen de Mast, University of Amsterdam,The NetherlandsComputationally Intensive Methods & SimulationSimon Wilson, Trinity College Dublin, IrelandDesign of Experiments & Robust DesignDavid Steinberg, Tel Aviv University, IsraelHealth, Safety & Environmental ApplicationsTony Greenfield, Greenfield Research, UKManagement of Quality & Business StatisticsBlanton Godfrey, College of Textiles, USARamon Leon, University of Tennessee, USAProcess Capability & Measurement Systems AnalysisConnie Borror, University of Illinois, USAProcess ControlMike Adams, University of Alabama, USAReliability: Life Cycle & Warranty Cost PredictionRefik Soyer, George Washington University, USAReliability: Life Distribution Modeling & Accelerated TestingTom Mazzuchi, George Washington University, USASamplingRainer Göb, University of Wuerzberg, GermanyStatistical and Stochastic ModellingShelley Zacks, Binghamton University, USASystem ReliabilitySteven Rigdon, Southern Illinois University, USA

"I must say that this encyclopedia is a must-have for everyone working on quality and reliability. It is an excellent source of information." (Technometrics, May 2010) "[The text] could provide the initial go-to text for any person researching or working within the field of quality. The production is good, with a nice layout and well bound pages … .The journey through the pages is often interrupted by an unlikely article that catches the attention which is the delight of paper texts." (Accreditation and Quality Assurance, February 2009)

• Entries in the published Encyclopedia are presented in alphabetic order. The following listing shows articles grouped under the section headings used for editorial planning of the work. Basic StatisticsAssignable causeAutocorrelation functionBias of an estimatorBox and Cox transformationCoefficient of determination (R2)CollinearityConfidence intervalsCorrelationCovarianceCovariateCumulative distribution function (CDF)Data collectionDegrees of freedomDependenceDescriptive StatisticsEstimationExpectationExploratory data analysisExponentially weighted moving average (EWMA)Graphical representation of dataHeteroscedasticityHomogeneity of Variances; HomoscedasticityHotelling’s T2Hypothesis testingKurtosisLack of fitLaws of large numbersLeast squares estimationLeverageMaximum likelihoodMean square errorMeasures of AssociationMeasures of LocationMeasures of ScaleMissing data and imputationMomentsMonte Carlo methodsMoving averagesMulti-vari chartMultivariate analysisNonparametric TestsNormal distributionNormality TestsObservational studiesOutliersOverview of StatisticsParametric testsPareto chartPooled variance, pooled estimatePowerProbability density function (PDF)Probability density functionsProbability plotsProbability theoryP-valuesQuantilesQuartilesResidualsRuns, runs testsSample Size DeterminationSigma MetricSignificance levelSix Sigma MethodSkewnessStandard errorStatistical Methods for Counts, Rates and ProportionsSum of squaresTime series analysisTransfer functionTrimmed meanVariablesVarianceVariance componentsComputationally Intensive Methods & SimulationAsymptotic  Reliability Analysis of Very Large SystemsBayesian networks in reliabilityBayesian robustness: theory and computationBootstrap And Jacknife: OverviewClassification and Regression Tree MethodsComputational Issues in Network ReliabilityConvergence and Mixing in Markov Chain Monte CarloData Mining in Quality and Reliabilitydecision search via simulationDensity and failure rate estimationDirichlet process, Simulation ofDiscrete event simulation for reliability predictionDynamic ProgrammingMethods in Repair and ReplacementEvaluation techniques in data miningExpectation Maximisation AlgorithmFailure Modes and Effects Analysis, Implementation ofFault tree analysis for large systemsIntegrating computer and physical experiment dataLaplace approximations in Bayesian lifetime analysisLevy Processes, Simulation ofLife Distributions, Simulation ofLifetime Distributions, Optimization Methods forMarkov chain Monte Carlo, IntroductionMonte Carlo Methods: Univariate and MultivariateNeural networks in Statistical Process ControlOptimal Reliability Design- Algorithms and ComparisonsOptimal Reliability Design- ModellingPerfect SamplingPolya Trees and Their Use in Reliability and Survival Analysisquality control, Computing inquandrature and numerical integrationResampling for lifetime distributionsSimulation of the beta-Stacy processSmoothed Function Estimation for Censored DataSplines and other meta-models in reliability analysisSurvival Analysis , NonparametricDesign of Experiments & Robust DesignAliasing in Fractional DesignsAnalysis of VarianceAssessment of Experimental DesignsBergman-Hynen Method for Dispersion EffectsBlockingBox-Behnken DesignsBox-Meyer Method for Dispersion EffectsCenter PointsCentral Composite DesignsComputer ExperimentsDispersion EffectsFactorial Designs, Resolution ofFactorial ExperimentsFoldover DesignsFractional Factorial DesignsGauge Repeatability and Reproducibility (R&R) StudiesGeneralized Linear ModelsHalf-normal PlotHarvey's Method for Dispersion EffectsIncomplete Block DesignsInteractionsLatin Hypercube DesignsLatin Squares and Related Experimental DesignsLenth's Method for the Analysis of Unreplicated ExperimentsMain Effect DesignsMain EffectsMinimum AberrationMixture ExperimentsOptimal DesignOrthogonal ArraysPerformance Measures for Robust DesignPlackett- Burman DesignsProduct Array DesignsProjectivity in Experimental DesignsRandomization in Experimental DesignsResponse Surface MethodologyRidge Analysis in Experimental DesignRobust DesignRotatable Designs and RotatabilitySample-Size Determination in Experimental DesignsScreening DesignsSequential ExperimentationSignal Response SystemsSignal-to-Noise Ratios for Robust DesignSplit-Plot DesignsSupersaturated DesignsTolerance DesignUniform Experimental DesignsHealth, Safety & Environmental ApplicationsBias in Modeling and Monitoring Health OutcomesCase Series Analysis, Vaccine Safety Evaluation Using a Suitable Motivating Example.Case-control StudiesClinical Behaviour ChangeDisease MappingDisease SurveillanceDisease and Clinical Trial ModellingEarly Detection Programs in Medical CareFisheries Stock AssessmentHealth Care Policy and Management of Stroke, Breast Cancer, and Mental HealthHealthcare Performance ReportsIntercalibration StudiesMonitoring of Safety in EU RailwaysMultiple Modes in Proficiency Test DataPatient Opinion MeasuresPopulation Characteristics of Proficiency Test DataQuality in Critical Care MedicineSampling sediments in the Marine EnvironmentStatistical Issues in Vaccine Safety EvaluationStatistical Process Control in Clinical MedicineManagement of Quality & Business StatisticsAttractive QualityBenchmarking in Project DefinitionBrainstormingCause and Effect Diagrams Change ManagementConcept Selection MatricesContingency TableContingency Table,SquareCost of QualityCreativity tools Critical-To-Quality matricesData and Information QualityDirected Evolution +B35Error proofing HealthcareFactor Relationship Diagrams Failure Modes and Effects AnalysisKaizenLean AccountingLean Methods, Creating Flow withMulti-vari ChartsOrganizational Assessment ModelsPolicy Deployment Drives Performance ImprovementProcess Maps and StatisticsProcess Maps: Construction ofProcess ReengineeringProject management : Stage Gate Approach toQuality Function Deployment Quality Management, OverviewScorecardsSix SigmaStatistical EfficiencyStatistical quality control Target costingTeam buildingTheory of constraints Total Productive maintenanceTotal Quality Management (TQM)Value-stream analysis  in Quality ManagementWork outProcess Capability & Measurement Systems AnalysisCalibrationCapability Indices for Multiple Stream ProcessesCapability Measures for Measurement Systems Analysis Comparison of Multivariate Process Capability IndicesControl Charts and Process CapabilityCp, CpkDefects per Million OpportunitiesDefects per UnitGauge Repeatability and Reproducibility (R&R) Studies, Confidence Intervals forGauge Repeatability and Reproducibility (R&R) Studies, Destructive TestingGauge Repeatability and Reproducibility (R&R) Studies, Misclassification RatesGauge Repeatability and Reproducibility (R&R), Variance Components inInterlaboratory ComparisonsMeasurement Error and UncertaintyMeasurement Systems Analysis, AttributeMeasurement Systems Analysis, OverviewPp, PpkProcess Capability Indices, Alternative toProcess Capability Indices, Bayesian Estimation ofProcess Capability Indices, MultivariateProcess Capability Indices, Non-normalProcess Capability Indices, NonparametricProcess Capability PlotsProcess Capability, Error in Estimating ofProcess YieldSigma Level of a ProcessSkewed Process Capability IndicesStatistical Process Control, MultivariateThe Comparison of Process Capability IndicesYield Surface ModelingProcess ControlARIMA ModelingAutocorrelated DataAverage Run Lengths and Operating Characteristic CurvesChange Point MethodsControl Charts for AttributesControl Charts for Batch ProcessesControl Charts for Short Production RunsControl Charts for the MeanControl Charts for the Standard DeviationControl Charts, NonparametricControl Charts, OverviewControl Charts, Selection ofCumulative Sum (CUSUM) ChartEconomic Design of Control ChartsEngineering Process Control Exponentially Weighted Moving Average Control ChartFeed-Back ControlHotelling’s T2 ChartInterpretation of Multivariate Control ChartsMoving Range and R ChartsMultivariate Charts for VariabilityMultivariate Control Charts OverviewMultivariate Cumulative Sum (CUSUM) Chart Multivariate EWMA Control ChartNeural Networks: Construction and EvaluationPrecontrolProfile MonitoringRegression Control ChartsVariable Sampling Rate Control ChartsReliability: Life Cycle & Warranty Cost PredictionAge Dependent Minimal Repair and MaintenanceAnalysis of Recurrent Events from Repairable SystemsBurn-In and Maintenance PoliciesCumulative Damage Models Based on Gamma ProcessesDegradation ModelsExpert Opinion in ReliabilityGeneral Minimum Repair ModelsGlobal and Dynamic Information Measures for ReliabilityGroup Maintenance PoliciesImperfect RepairInspection Policies for ReliabilityLife Cycle Costs and Reliability EngineeringLoad Sharing ModelsMaintenance OptimizationMaintenance Optimization in Random Environments.Markov Renewal Processes in Reliability ModelingMasked Failure Data: Competing RisksMultiattribute Warranty PoliciesMulticomponent MaintenanceMulti-State Reliability TheoryMultivariate Age and Multivariate Renewal ReplacementMultivariate Imperfect Repair ModelsNonparametric and Semiparametric Bayesian Reliability AnalysisNonparametric Methods for Analysis of Repair DataReliability Growth ModelingRepair Data, sets of: how to Graph, Analyse, and CompareReplacement StrategiesStationary Replacement StrategiesSystem AvailabilityTotal Time on Tests PlotsWarranty Claims and Costs: Statistical Analysis ofWarranty Cost AnalysisWarranty Cost Prediction Based on Warranty DataWarranty ModelingWarranty ServicingWarranty: Usage and Wear Process forReliability: Life Distribution Modeling & Accelerated TestingAccelerated Life Tests, Bayesian ModelsAccelerated Life Tests: Analysis with Competing Failure ModesAccelerated Life Tests: Nonparametric ApproachAccelerated Life Tests:Bayesian DesignAccelerated Life Tests:Classical Methods for Design and AnalysisAccelerated Life Tests:Designs Comparison with a Bayesian FrameworkAccelerated Life Tests:Step Stress (Classical Methods)Cumulative hazard functionDesign for ReliabilityHazard functionIntensity functionLife Testing from a Bayesian PerspectiveMasked Failure DataMean residual lifeMean time between failuresMean time to failureMean time to repairPrediction of Expected Fatigue Lives of Fiber Reinforced Plastic JointsProportional hazard modelRate of occurrence of failuresReliability functionSoftware Failure Data AnalysisThe Cox Proportional Hazard ModelSamplingAcceptance Sampling in Modern Industrial EnvironmentsAdaptive and Spatial Sampling Designs.Attribute Sampling Schemes in International StandardsAttributes Sampling Under Classification ErrorContinuous SamplingData Management in Survey SamplingDatabase Systems for Acceptance SamplingDesign and Testing of QuestionnairesEconomic Sampling SchemesInternal and External Quality MeasuresMultiple Sampling PlansPrior Information in Sampling Schemes.Processing of Survey DataRectification Sampling SchemesReliability SamplingSampling Designs in SurveysSampling from Virtual PopulationsSampling in Data Mining (subsampling)Sampling in Implementation of Statistical Process ControlSampling in Industrial StandardsSampling in Pharmaceutical and Chemical IndustriesSampling in Semiconductor Manufacturing.Sampling in Software DevelopmentSampling Inspection of ProductsSampling Inspection of Products and Statistical Process ControlSelection and Validation of Response ScalesSERVQUAL SurveysSingle Sampling by Attributes and by Variables.Skip-lot Sampling and Chain SamplingStatistical Analysis of Survey DataSurvey ErrorSurvey Quality and Survey EthicsVariables Sampling Schemes in International StandardsVariables Sampling Under Measurement Error.Statistical and Stochastic ModelingAccelerated Life ModelsAging and Positive DependanceApplications of Extreme Statistics in Science and EngineeringAvailability ModelsBayesian Control ChartsBayesian NetworksBayesian Reliability AnalysisBayesian Reliability DemonstrationBrownian MotionCausalityChange-Point ModelsCharacterization in ReliabilityCompeting RisksDamage ProcessesDegradation and FailureDegradation ProcessesDesign of Bayesian Reliability ExperimentsEmpirical Bayes Estimation of ReliabilityHierarchical Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) for Bayesian System ReliabilityLevy ProcessesMaintenance and Markov Decision ModelsMarkov ProcessesMasked Failure Data: Bayesian ModelingMultivariate Mixtures Models- Related Aging and Dependance PropertiesMultivariate Stochastic Orders and AgingPhysical Degradation ModelsPoisson ProcessesPrecedence TestsPrior Distribution ElicitationRandom Evolutions toward ApplicationsRenewal TheoryRisk Analysis,Extremes inRisk ProcessesScan StatisticsSoftware Reliability Modeling and AnalysisSoftware Reliability: Bayesian AnalysisStatistical Process Control, BayesianStochastic DeteriorationStochastic Orders and Aging NotionsSubjective Life ModelsSystem SignaturesSystem ReliabilityBlock ReplacementCoherent SystemsComponent Reliability ImportanceFault TreesFlowgraph modelsGenetic Algorithms in ReliabilityImperfect Repair, Counting ProcessesIntensity Functions for Nonhomogeneous Poisson Processesk-out-of-n SystemsModules and Modular DecompositionParallel, Series, and SeriesParallel SystemsPath Sets and Cut Sets  in System Reliability ModelingQueues in ReliabilityReliability AllocationReliability DatabasesReliability of Redundant SystemsReliability OptimizationReliability, Safety, and Risk ManagementRepairable Systems ReliabilityRepairable systems, statistical inferenceRepairable Systems: Bayesian analysisStress-Strength ModelSystem Downtime DistributionsSystem Reliability: Computational Algebra MethodsSystem Reliability:Monte-Carlo Estimation.