Bioavailability, Bioaccessibility and Mobility of Environmental Contaminants

John R. Dean took his first degree in chemistry at the University of Manchester Institute of Science and Technology (UMIST), followed by an M.Sc. in Analytical Chemistry and Instrumentation at Loughborough University of Technology, and finally a Ph.D. and D.I.C. in Physical Chemistry at the Imperial College of Science and Technology (University of London). He then spent two years as a postdoctoral research fellow at the Food Science Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food in Norwich, in Conjunction with the Polytechnic of the South West in Plymouth. His work there was focused on the development of directly coupled high performance liquid chromatography and inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry methods for trace element speciation in foodstuffs. This was followed by a temporary lectureship in Inorganic Chemistry at Huddersfield Polytechinc. In 1988, he was appointed to a lectureship in Inorganic/Analytical chemistry at Newcastle Polytechnic (now Northumbria University). This was followed by promotion to Senior Lecturer (1990), Reader (1994), Principal Lecturer (1998) and Associate Dean (Research) (2004). He was also awarded a personal chair in 2004. In 1998, he was awarded a D.Sc. (University of London) in Analytical and Environmental Science and was the recipient of the 23rd Society for Analytical Chemistry (SAC) Silver Medal in 1995. He has published extensively in analytical and environmental science. He is an active member of the Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC) Analytical Division, having served as a member of the atomic spectroscopy group for 15 years (10 as Honorary Secretary), as well as a past Chairman (1997-1999). He has served on the Analytical Division Council for Three terms and is a former Vice-President (2002-2004), as well as a past-Chairman of the North-East Region of the RSC (2001-2003).

"... it will be a valuable and useful source of material for both individual students and teachers." (International Journal of Environmental and Analytical Chemistry, October 2007)

• Series Preface xiPreface xiiiAcknowledgements xviiAcronyms, Abbreviations and Symbols xixAbout the Author xxiii1 Contaminated Land and the Link to Human Health 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Soil Guideline Values 21.2.1 Residential 51.2.2 Allotments 51.2.3 Commercial/Industrial 51.3 Risk to Humans 71.4 An Approach to Assess Contaminated Soils Relative to Soil Guideline Values 81.4.1 Mean-Value Test 91.4.2 Maximum-Value Test 11References 142 Sample Preparation and Analytical Techniques for Elemental Analysis of Environmental Contaminants 172.1 Introduction 182.2 Sample Preparation for Elemental Analysis 182.2.1 Solid Samples 182.2.2 Liquid Samples 212.3 Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy 252.4 Atomic Emission Spectroscopy 332.5 Inorganic Mass Spectrometry 402.5.1 Interferences in ICP–MS 452.6 X-Ray Fluorescence Spectroscopy 492.7 Electrochemistry 512.8 Hyphenated Techniques 522.9 Comparison of Elemental Analytical Techniques 532.10 Selected Resources on Elemental Analytical Techniques 562.10.1 Specific Books on Atomic Spectroscopy 562.10.2 Specific Books on Electroanalytical Techniques 583 Sample Preparation and Analytical Techniques for Persistent Organic Pollutant Analysis of Environmental Contaminants 593.1 Introduction 603.2 Sample Preparation for Persistent Organic Pollutant Analysis 603.2.1 Solid Samples 603.2.2 Liquid Samples 673.3 Gas Chromatography 723.4 High Performance Liquid Chromatography 743.5 Interfacing Chromatography and Mass Spectrometry 783.6 Comparison of Persistent Organic Pollutant Analytical Techniques 843.7 Selected Resources on Persistent Organic Pollutant Analytical Techniques 853.7.1 Specific Books on Chromatography 854 Methods Used to Assess Bioavailability of Metals 894.1 Non-Exhaustive Extraction Techniques for Metals 894.2 Single Extraction Methods for Metals 904.3 Sequential Extraction Techniques for Metals 994.4 Earthworms 1074.4.1 Earthworms in Bioavailability Studies 1114.4.2 Chemical-Extraction Methods to Estimate Bioavailability of Metals by Earthworms 1244.5 Plant Uptake 1264.6 Certified Reference Materials 127References 1415 Methods Used to Assess Bioavailability of Persistent Organic Pollutants 1455.1 Introduction 1455.2 Non-Exhaustive Extraction Techniques for POPs 1465.2.1 Selective or ‘Mild-Solvent’ Extraction 1485.2.2 Cyclodextrin Extraction 1645.2.3 Supercritical-Fluid Extraction 1685.2.4 Other Approaches 1745.3 Earthworm Studies 1765.3.1 Chemical-Extraction Methods Used to Estimate the Bioavailability of POPs by Earthworms 1785.4 Plant Uptake 183References 1896 Methods Used to Assess Oral Bioaccessibility 1916.1 Introduction 1916.2 Introduction to Human Physiology 1936.3 Considerations in the Design and Development of a Simulated in vitro Gastrointestinal Extraction Method 1956.3.1 Design of an in vitro Gastrointestinal Method 1956.3.2 Development of an in vitro Gastrointestinal Method 1966.4 Approaches to Assess the Bioaccessibility of Metals 1986.5 Approaches to Assess the Bioaccessibility of Persistent Organic Pollutants 2106.6 Validity for Measuring Bioaccessibility 213References 2137 Selected Case Studies on Bioavailability, Bioaccessibility and Mobility of Environmental Contaminants 2157.1 Bioavailability of Metals by Plants 2157.1.1 Background 2157.1.2 Experimental 2167.1.3 Results and Discussion 2187.1.4 Conclusions 2247.1.5 Specific References 2247.2 Bioaccessibility of Metals from Plants 2277.2.1 Background 2277.2.2 Experimental 2277.2.3 Results and Discussion 2297.2.4 Conclusions 2327.3 Bioavailability of POPs by Plants 2327.3.1 Background 2327.3.2 Experimental 2327.3.3 Results and Discussion 2347.3.4 Conclusions 2357.4 Bioaccessibility of POPs from Plants 2357.4.1 Background 2357.4.2 Experimental 2357.4.3 Results and Discussion 2377.4.4 Conclusions 2388 Recording of Information and Selected Resources 2418.1 Safety 2418.2 Recording of Information in the Laboratory 2428.2.1 Introduction 2428.2.2 Examples of Data Sheets 2438.3 Selected Resources 253Responses to Self-Assessment Questions 259Glossary of Terms 275SI Units and Physical Constants 281Periodic Table 285Index 287