Ubiquitous Computing

Stefan Poslad holds a PhD in computing from the University of Newcastle upon Tyne, UK. He is currently a lecturer and a researcher in the Intelligent Communication Lab at QMUL He has extensive experience at developing and delivering course material in related areas and at applying ambient intelligent approaches involving agents, context aware, smart mobile devices and sensors. Michael Berger has been involved in Computer Science research for the last 12 years, specializing in Computer Supported Cooperative Work (CSCW), Distributed and Ubiquitous Systems as well as Multi-Agent Systems research.? Since 1997 Dr. Berger is a member of the Intelligent Autonomous Systems research group at Siemens Corporate Technology (CT) in Munich and is involved in several technical and team management functions, responsible for product developments in the telematics area and chair of several activities. Since 2002 Dr. Berger has been heading the technology and competence field "Mobile and Ambient Intelligence Technologies" within Siemens CT. Robert M. Patton is a research associate with the Applied Software Engineering Research group of Oak Ridge National Laboratory.? He is currently the principle investigator of the Orion Project, which focuses on the application of intelligent software agents for sensor data fusion. In addition, Dr. Patton works on a number of different projects involving software agents, computational intelligence, and applications to information fusion. Patricia Charlton has over 15 years of research experience in the field of Artificial Intelligence and Multi-Agent systems. This experience covers all aspects from project inception and proposal, through design and implementation, on to end user studies and field trials of the systems developed. This includes being prime coordinator of two large EU projects. Experienced in strategic, management and technical roles within Motorola Labs and author of over 50 papers in the field of AI and multi-agent systems and of 9 filed patents.

• List of Figures xixList of Tables xxiiiPreface xxvAcknowledgements xxvii1 Ubiquitous Computing: Basics and Vision 11.1 Living in a Digital World 11.1.1 Chapter Overview 21.1.2 Illustrative Ubiquitous Computing Applications 21.1.2.1 Personal Memories 31.1.2.2 Adaptive Transport Scheduled Service 51.1.2.3 Foodstuff Management 51.1.2.4 Utility Regulation 61.1.3 Holistic Framework for UbiCom: Smart DEI 71.2 Modelling the Key Ubiquitous Computing Properties 81.2.1 Core Properties of UbiCom Systems 91.2.2 Distributed ICT Systems 91.2.2.1 Networked ICT Devices 101.2.2.2 Transparency and Openness 101.2.3 Implicit Human–Computer Interaction (iHCI) 111.2.3.1 The Calm Computer 111.2.3.2 Implicit Versus Explicit Human–Computer Interaction 121.2.3.3 Embodied Reality versus Virtual, Augmented and Mediated Reality 121.2.4 Context-Awareness 131.2.4.1 Three Main Types of Environment Context: Physical, User, Virtual 141.2.4.2 User-Awareness 141.2.4.3 Active Versus Passive Context-Awareness 151.2.5 Autonomy 151.2.5.1 Reducing Human Interaction 161.2.5.2 Easing System Maintenance Versus Self-Maintaining Systems 161.2.6 Intelligence 171.2.7 Taxonomy of UbiCom Properties 171.3 Ubiquitous System Environment Interaction 221.3.1 Human–ICT Device Interaction (HCI) 241.3.2 ICT Device to Physical World Interaction (CPI) 251.4 Architectural Design for UbiCom Systems: Smart DEI Model 261.4.1 Smart Devices 271.4.1.1 Weiser’s ICT Device Forms: Tabs, Pads and Boards 281.4.1.2 Extended Forms for ICT Devices: Dust, Skin and Clay 281.4.1.3 Mobility 291.4.1.4 Volatile Service Access 291.4.1.5 Situated and Self-Aware 301.4.2 Smart Environments 301.4.2.1 Tagging, Sensing and Controlling Environments 311.4.2.2 Embedded Versus Untethered 311.4.2.3 Device Sizes 321.4.3 Smart Interaction 321.4.3.1 Basic Interaction 321.4.3.2 Smart Interaction 331.5 Discussion 341.5.1 Interlinking System Properties, Environments and Designs 341.5.2 Common Myths about Ubiquitous Computing 351.5.3 Organisation of the Smart DEI Approach 37Exercises 38References 392 Applications and Requirements 412.1 Introduction 412.1.1 Overview 412.2 Example Early UbiCom Research Projects 412.2.1 Smart Devices: cci 422.2.1.1 Smart Boards, Pads and Tabs 422.2.1.2 Active Badge, Bat and Floor 422.2.2 Smart Environments: CPI and cci 432.2.2.1 Classroom 2000 432.2.2.2 Smart Space and Meeting Room 432.2.2.3 Interactive Workspaces and iRoom 442.2.2.4 Cooltown 442.2.2.5 EasyLiving and SPOT 452.2.2.6 HomeLab and Ambient Intelligence 462.2.3 Smart Devices: CPI 462.2.3.1 Unimate and MH-1 Robots 462.2.3.2 Smart Dust and TinyOS 472.2.4 Smart Devices: iHCI and HPI 482.2.4.1 Calm Computing 482.2.4.2 Things That Think and Tangible Bits 482.2.4.3 DataTiles 492.2.4.4 Ambient Wood 502.2.4.5 WearComp and WearCam 502.2.4.6 Cyborg 1.0 and 2.0 522.2.5 Other UbiCom Projects 522.3 Everyday Applications in the Virtual, Human and Physical World 532.3.1 Ubiquitous Networks of Devices: cci 532.3.2 Human–Computer Interaction 542.3.2.1 Ubiquitous Audio-Video Content Access 542.3.2.2 Ubiquitous Information Access and Ebooks 552.3.2.3 Universal Local Control of ICT Systems 562.3.2.4 User-Awareness and Personal Spaces 582.3.3 Human-to-Human Interaction (HHI) Applications 582.3.3.1 Transaction-based M-Commerce and U-Commerce Services 592.3.3.2 Enhancing the Productivity of Mobile Humans 592.3.3.3 Care in the Community 602.3.4 Human-Physical World-Computer Interaction (HPI) and (CPI) 612.3.4.1 Physical Environment Awareness 612.3.4.2 (Physical) Environment Control 612.3.4.3 Smart Utilities 622.3.4.4 Smart Buildings and Home Automation 622.3.4.5 Smart Living Environments and Smart Furniture 632.3.4.6 Smart Street Furniture 652.3.4.7 Smart Vehicles, Transport and Travel 652.3.4.8 Pervasive Games and Social Physical Spaces 662.4 Discussion 672.4.1 Achievements from Early Projects and Status Today 672.4.1.1 Smart Devices 672.4.1.2 Smart Physical World Environments 682.4.1.3 Context-Awareness and Service Discovery 692.4.1.4 Wearable Smart Devices and Implants 69Exercises 71References 713 Smart Devices and Services 753.1 Introduction 753.1.1 Chapter Overview 753.1.2 Smart Device and Service Characteristics 753.1.3 Distributed System Viewpoints 773.1.4 Abstraction Versus Virtualisation 783.2 Service Architecture Models 803.2.1 Partitioning and Distribution of Service Components 803.2.2 Multi-tier Client Service Models 813.2.2.1 Distributed Data Storage 823.2.2.2 Distributed Processing 823.2.2.3 Client–Server Design 833.2.2.4 Proxy-based Service Access 843.2.3 Middleware 853.2.4 Service Oriented Computing (SOC) 863.2.5 Grid Computing 873.2.6 Peer-to-Peer Systems 883.2.7 Device Models 913.3 Service Provision Life-Cycle 913.3.1 Network Discovery 923.3.2 Service Announcement, Discovery, Selection and Configuration 933.3.2.1 Web Service Discovery 953.3.2.2 Semantic Web and Semantic Resource Discovery 953.3.3 Service Invocation 953.3.3.1 Distributed Processes 963.3.3.2 Asynchronous (MOM) Versus Synchronous (RPC) Communication Models 973.3.3.3 Reliable versus Unreliable Communication 993.3.3.4 Caches, Read-Ahead and Delayed Writes 993.3.3.5 On-Demand Service Access 1003.3.3.6 Event-Driven Architectures (EDA) 1013.3.3.7 Shared Data Repository 1033.3.3.8 Enterprise Service Bus (ESB) Model 1033.3.3.9 Volatile Service Invocation 1043.3.4 Service Composition 1053.3.4.1 Service Interoperability 1063.4 Virtual Machines and Operating Systems 1063.4.1 Virtual Machines 1063.4.2 Bios 1073.4.3 Multi-Tasking Operating Systems (MTOS) 1083.4.4 Process Control 1093.4.5 Memory Management 1103.4.6 Input and Output 111Exercises 111References 1124 Smart Mobiles, Cards and Device Networks 1154.1 Introduction 1154.1.1 Chapter Overview 1154.2 Smart Mobile Devices, Users, Resources and Code 1154.2.1 Mobile Service Design 1164.2.1.1 SMS and Mobile Web Services 1174.2.1.2 Java VM and J2ME 1194.2.1.3 .net Cf 1204.2.2 Mobile Code 1214.2.3 Mobile Devices and Mobile Users 1224.3 Operating Systems for Mobile Computers and Communicator Devices 1234.3.1 Microkernel Designs 1234.3.2 Mobility Support 1234.3.3 Resource-Constrained Devices 1244.3.4 Power Management 1254.3.4.1 Low Power CPUs 1254.3.4.2 Application Support 1264.4 Smart Card Devices 1264.4.1 Smart Card OS 1274.4.2 Smart Card Development 1284.5 Device Networks 1284.5.1 HAVi, HES and X 10 1294.5.2 Device Discovery 1294.5.3 OSGi 131Exercises 132References 1335 Human–Computer Interaction 1355.1 Introduction 1355.1.1 Chapter Overview 1355.1.2 Explicit HCI: Motivation and Characteristics 1365.1.3 Complexity of Ubiquitous Explicit HCI 1365.1.4 Implicit HCI: Motivation and Characteristics 1375.2 User Interfaces and Interaction for Four Widely Used Devices 1385.2.1 Diversity of ICT Device Interaction 1385.2.2 Personal Computer Interface 1395.2.3 Mobile Hand-Held Device Interfaces 1405.2.3.1 Handling Limited Key Input: Multi-Tap, T9, Fastap, Soft keys and Soft Keyboard 1405.2.3.2 Handling Limited Output 1415.2.4 Games Console Interfaces and Interaction 1425.2.5 Localised Remote Control: Video Devices 1435.3 Hidden UI Via Basic Smart Devices 1435.3.1 Multi-Modal Visual Interfaces 1445.3.2 Gesture Interfaces 1455.3.3 Reflective Versus Active Displays 1475.3.4 Combining Input and Output User Interfaces 1485.3.4.1 Touchscreens 1495.3.4.2 Tangible Interfaces 1495.3.4.3 Organic Interfaces 1505.3.5 Auditory Interfaces 1515.3.6 Natural Language Interfaces 1515.4 Hidden UI Via Wearable and Implanted Devices 1525.4.1 Posthuman Technology Model 1525.4.2 Virtual Reality and Augmented Reality 1525.4.3 Wearable Computer Interaction 1535.4.3.1 Head(s)-Up Display (HUD) 1545.4.3.2 Eyetap 1545.4.3.3 Virtual Retinal Display (VRD) 1545.4.3.4 Clothes as Computers 1555.4.4 Computer Implants and Brain Computer Interfaces 1555.4.5 Sense-of-Presence and Telepresence 1575.5 Human-Centred Design (HCD) 1575.5.1 Human-Centred Design Life-Cycle 1585.5.2 Methods to Acquire User Input and to Build Used Models 1595.5.3 Defining the Virtual and Physical Environment Use Context 1605.5.4 Defining the Human Environment Use Context and Requirements 1605.5.4.1 User Characteristics 1605.5.5 Interaction Design 1615.5.5.1 Conceptual Models and Mental Models 1625.5.6 Evaluation 1625.6 User Models: Acquisition and Representation 1635.6.1 Indirect User Input and Modelling 1645.6.2 Direct User Input and Modelling 1645.6.3 User Stereotypes 1655.6.4 Modelling Users’ Planned Tasks and Goals 1655.6.5 Multiple User Tasks and Activity-Based Computing 1665.6.6 Situation Action Versus Planned Action Models 1675.7 iHCI Design 1675.7.1 iHCI Model Characteristics 1675.7.2 User Context-Awareness 1685.7.3 More Intuitive and Customised Interaction 1685.7.4 Personalisation 1695.7.5 Affective Computing: Interactions Using Users’ Emotional Context 1715.7.6 Design Heuristics and Patterns 171Exercises 175References 1756 Tagging, Sensing and Controlling 1796.1 Introduction 1796.1.1 Chapter Overview 1806.2 Tagging the Physical World 1806.2.1 Life-Cycle for Tagging Physical Objects 1816.2.2 Tags: Types and Characteristics 1816.2.3 Physical and Virtual Tag Management 1836.2.4 RFID Tags 1836.2.4.1 Active RFID Tags 1856.2.4.2 Passive RFID Tags 1856.2.5 Personalised and Social Tags 1866.2.6 Micro Versus Macro Tags 1876.3 Sensors and Sensor Networks 1876.3.1 Overview of Sensor Net Components and Processes 1876.3.2 Sensor Electronics 1896.3.3 Physical Network: Environment, Density and Transmission 1916.3.4 Data Network: Addressing and Routing 1926.3.4.1 Sensor Networks Versus Ad Hoc Networks 1936.3.5 Data Processing: Distributed Data Storage and Data Queries 1936.4 Micro Actuation and Sensing: MEMS 1946.4.1 Fabrication 1956.4.2 Micro-Actuators 1956.4.3 Micro-Sensors 1966.4.4 Smart Surfaces, Skin, Paint, Matter and Dust 1976.4.5 Downsizing to Nanotechnology and Quantum Devices 1986.5 Embedded Systems and Real-Time Systems 1996.5.1 Application-Specific Operating Systems (ASOS) 2006.5.2 Real-Time Operating Systems for Embedded Systems 2016.6 Control Systems (for Physical World Tasks) 2026.6.1 Programmable Controllers 2026.6.2 Simple PID-Type Controllers 2036.6.3 More Complex Controllers 2036.7 Robots 2046.7.1 Robot Manipulators 2056.7.2 Mobile Robots 2066.7.3 Biologically Inspired Robots 2066.7.4 Nanobots 2076.7.5 Developing UbiCom Robot Applications 207Exercises 209References 2107 Context-Aware Systems 2137.1 Introduction 2137.1.1 Chapter Overview 2147.1.2 Context-Aware Applications 2147.2 Modelling Context-Aware Systems 2167.2.1 Types of Context 2167.2.2 Context Creation and Context Composition 2187.2.3 Context-Aware Adaptation 2197.2.4 Environment Modelling 2217.2.5 Context Representation 2217.2.6 A Basic Architecture 2227.2.7 Challenges in Context-Awareness 2257.3 Mobility Awareness 2277.3.1 Call Routing for Mobile Users 2277.3.2 Mobile Phone Location Determination 2277.3.3 Mobile User Awareness as an Example of Composite Context-Awareness 2287.3.4 Tourism Services for Mobile Users 2287.4 Spatial Awareness 2297.4.1 Spatial Context Creation 2307.4.1.1 Spatial Acquisition 2307.4.1.2 Location Acquisition 2317.4.2 Location and Other Spatial Abstractions 2337.4.3 User Context Creation and Context-Aware Adaptation 2337.4.3.1 Cartography: Adapting Spatial Viewpoints to Different User Contexts 2337.4.3.2 Geocoding: Mapping Location Contexts to User Contexts 2347.4.4 Spatial Context Queries and Management: GIS 2347.5 Temporal Awareness: Coordinating and Scheduling 2357.5.1 Clock Synchronization: Temporal Context Creation 2357.5.2 Temporal Models and Abstractions 2367.5.3 Temporal Context Management and Adaptation to User Contexts 2377.6 ICT System Awareness 2387.6.1 Context-Aware Presentation and Interaction at the UI 2387.6.1.1 Acquiring the UI Context 2387.6.1.2 Content Adaptation 2397.6.2 Network-Aware Service Adaptation 240Exercises 242References 2428 Intelligent Systems (IS) 245With Patricia Charlton8.1 Introduction 2458.1.1 Chapter Overview 2468.2 Basic Concepts 2468.2.1 Types of Intelligent Systems 2468.2.2 Types of Environment for Intelligent Systems 2478.2.3 Use of Intelligence in Ubiquitous Computing 2488.3 IS Architectures 2498.3.1 What a Model Knows Versus How it is Used 2498.3.1.1 Types of Architecture Model 2508.3.1.2 Unilateral Versus Bilateral System Environment Models 2518.3.1.3 Model Representations 2528.3.1.4 How System Models are Acquired and Adapt 2528.3.2 Reactive IS Models 2528.3.3 Environment Model-based IS 2548.3.4 Goal-based IS 2558.3.5 Utility-based IS 2568.3.6 Learning-based IS 2568.3.6.1 Machine Learning Design 2578.3.7 Hybrid IS 2588.3.8 Knowledge-based (KB) IS 2608.3.8.1 Production or Rule-based KB System 2608.3.8.2 Blackboard KB System 2618.3.9 IS Models Applied to UbiCom Systems 2618.4 Semantic KB IS 2638.4.1 Knowledge Representation 2638.4.2 Design Issues 2658.4.2.1 Open World Versus Closed World Semantics 2658.4.2.2 Knowledge Life-cycle and Knowledge Management 2668.4.2.3 Creating Knowledge 2668.4.2.4 Knowledge Deployment and Maintaining Knowledge 2678.4.2.5 Design Issues for UbiCom Use 2678.5 Classical Logic IS 2688.5.1 Propositional and Predicate Logic 2688.5.2 Reasoning 2698.5.3 Design Issues 2708.6 Soft Computing IS Models 2718.6.1 Probabilistic Networks 2718.6.2 Fuzzy Logic 2728.7 IS System Operations 2728.7.1 Searching 2728.7.2 Classical (Deterministic) Planning 2748.7.3 Non-Deterministic Planning 275Exercises 276References 2769 Intelligent System Interaction 279With Patricia Charlton9.1 Introduction 2799.1.1 Chapter Overview 2799.2 Interaction Multiplicity 2799.2.1 P2P Interaction Between Multiple Senders and Receivers 2819.2.1.1 Unknown Sender and Malicious Senders 2819.2.1.2 Unknown Receivers 2829.2.1.3 Too Many Messages 2829.2.2 Interaction Using Mediators 2829.2.2.1 Shared Communication Resource Access 2839.2.2.2 Shared Computation Resource Access 2839.2.2.3 Mediating Between Requesters and Providers 2849.2.3 Interaction Using Cooperative Participants 2869.2.3.1 Coordination 2879.2.3.2 Coordination Using Norms and Electronic Institutions 2899.2.3.3 Hierarchical and Role-based Organisational Interaction 2909.2.4 Interaction with Self-Interested Participants 2919.2.4.1 Market-based Interaction and Auctions 2929.2.4.2 Negotiation and Agreements 2939.2.4.3 Consensus-based Agreements 2959.3 Is Interaction Design 2959.3.1 Designing System Interaction to be More Intelligent 2969.3.2 Designing Interaction Between Individual Intelligent Systems 2979.3.3 Interaction Protocol Design 2979.3.3.1 Semantic or Knowledge-Sharing Protocols 2989.3.3.2 Agent Communication Languages and Linguistic-based Protocols 3009.3.4 Further Examples of the Use of Interaction Protocols 3029.3.5 Multi-Agent Systems 3039.3.5.1 ACL and Agent Platform Design 3049.3.5.2 Multi-Agent System Application Design 3059.4 Some Generic Intelligent Interaction Applications 3069.4.1 Social Networking and Media Exchange 3079.4.2 Recommender and Referral Systems 3089.4.2.1 Recommender Systems 3089.4.2.2 Content-based Recommendations 3089.4.2.3 Collaborative Filtering 3099.4.3 Pervasive Work Flow Management for People 3099.4.4 Trust Management 309Exercises 311References 31210 Autonomous Systems and Artificial Life 31710.1 Introduction 31710.1.1 Chapter Overview 31710.2 Basic Autonomous Intra-Acting Systems 31810.2.1 Types of Autonomous System 31810.2.1.1 Autonomous Intelligent Systems 31910.2.1.2 Limitation of Autonomous Systems 31910.2.2 Self-* Properties of Intra-Action 32010.3 Reflective and Self-Aware Systems 32210.3.1 Self-Awareness 32210.3.2 Self-Describing and Self-Explaining Systems 32310.3.3 Self-Modifying Systems Based Upon Reflective Computation 32510.4 Self-Management and Autonomic Computing 32610.4.1 Autonomic Computing Design 32810.4.2 Autonomic Computing Applications 33010.4.3 Modelling and Management Self-Star Systems 33110.5 Complex Systems 33210.5.1 Self-Organization and Interaction 33210.5.2 Self-Creation and Self-Replication 33510.6 Artificial Life 33610.6.1 Finite State Automata Models 33610.6.2 Evolutionary Computing 337Exercises 338References 33911 Ubiquitous Communication 34311.1 Introduction 34311.1.1 Chapter Overview 34411.2 Audio Networks 34411.2.1 PSTN Voice Networks 34411.2.2 Intelligent Networks and IP Multimedia Subsystems 34511.2.3 ADLS Broadband 34611.2.4 Wireless Telecoms Networks 34611.2.5 Audio Broadcast (Radio Entertainment) Networks 34711.3 Data Networks 34711.3.1 Network Protocol Suites 34811.3.2 Addressing 34811.3.3 Routing and Internetworking 34911.4 Wireless Data Networks 35011.4.1 Types of Wireless Network 35011.4.2 WLAN and WiMAX 35211.4.3 Bluetooth 35311.4.4 ZigBee 35311.4.5 Infrared 35411.4.6 Uwb 35411.4.7 Satellite and Microwave Communication 35411.4.8 Roaming between Local Wireless LANs 35511.5 Universal and Transparent Audio, Video and Alphanumeric Data Network Access 35611.5.1 Combined Voice and Data Networks 35711.5.2 Combined Audio-Video and Data Content Distribution Networks 35811.5.3 On-demand, Interactive and Distributed Content 36011.6 Ubiquitous Networks 36011.6.1 Wireless Networks 36011.6.2 Power Line Communication (PLC) 36111.6.3 Personal Area Networks 36211.6.4 Body Area Networks 36211.6.5 Mobile Users Networks 36311.6.5.1 Mobile Addresses 36311.6.5.2 Single-Path Routing 36411.6.5.3 Multi-Path Routing in Mobile Ad hoc Networks (MANETs) 36411.7 Further Network Design Issues 36511.7.1 Network Access Control 36511.7.2 Ubiquitous Versus Localised Access 36611.7.3 Controlling Network Access: Firewalls, NATs and VPNs 36711.7.4 Group Communication: Transmissions for Multiple Receivers 36811.7.5 Internetworking Heterogeneous Networks 36811.7.6 Global Use: Low-Cost Access Networks for Rural Use 36911.7.7 Separating Management and Control from Usage 36911.7.8 Service-Oriented Networks 37011.7.8.1 Service-Orientation at the Network Edge 37111.7.8.2 Content-based Networks 37211.7.8.3 Programmable Networks 37211.7.8.4 Overlay Networks 37211.7.8.5 Mesh Networks 37311.7.8.6 Cooperative Networks 375Exercises 375References 37612 Management of Smart Devices 37912.1 Introduction 37912.1.1 Chapter Overview 38012.2 Managing Smart Devices in Virtual Environments 38012.2.1 Process and Application Management 38012.2.2 Network-Oriented Management 38012.2.2.1 Fcaps 38212.2.3 Monitoring and Accounting 38312.2.3.1 Icmp 38412.2.3.2 Snmp 38412.2.4 Configuration Management 38612.2.5 Security Management 38612.2.5.1 Encryption Support for Confidentiality, Authentication and Authorisation 38812.2.5.2 Securing the System and its Middleware 38912.2.5.3 Securing Access Devices 39112.2.5.4 Securing Information 39212.2.6 Fault Management 39312.2.7 Performance Management 39412.2.8 Service-Oriented Computer Management 39512.2.8.1 Metrics for Evaluating the Use of SOA 39512.2.8.2 Distributed Resource Management and the Grid 39612.2.8.3 SLA Management of Services 39712.2.8.4 Policy-based Service Management 39712.2.8.5 Pervasive Work Flow Management for Services 39812.2.9 Information Management 39912.2.9.1 Information Applications 39912.2.9.2 Rich Versus Lean and Soft Versus Hard Information 39912.2.9.3 Managing the Information Explosion 40012.2.9.4 Managing Multimedia Content 40112.2.9.5 Managing Lean and Hard Data Using RDBMSs 40212.2.9.6 Managing Metadata 40312.3 Managing Smart Devices in Human User-Centred Environments 40412.3.1 Managing Richer and Softer Data 40412.3.2 Service Management Models for Human User and Physical Environments 40412.3.3 User Task and Activity-Based Management 40712.3.4 Privacy Management 40712.3.4.1 Biometric User Identification 40812.3.4.2 Privacy-Invasive Technologies versus Privacy-Enhanced Technologies 41012.3.4.3 Entrusted Regulation of User Privacy to Service Providers 41112.3.4.4 Legislative Approaches to Privacy 41212.4 Managing Smart Devices in Physical Environments 41212.4.1 Context-Awareness 41212.4.1.1 Context-Aware Management of Physical and Human Activities 41312.4.1.2 Management of Contexts and Events 41312.4.2 Micro and Nano-Sized Devices 41512.4.3 Unattended Embedded Devices 415Exercises 416References 41613 Ubiquitous System: Challenges and Outlook 42113.1 Introduction 42113.1.1 Chapter Overview 42113.2 Overview of Challenges 42213.2.1 Key Challenges 42213.2.2 Multi-Level Support for UbiCom Properties 42313.2.3 Evolution Versus Revolution 42413.2.4 Future Technologies 42413.3 Smart Devices 42513.3.1 Smaller, More Functional Smart Devices 42513.3.2 More Fluid Ensembles of Diverse Devices 42613.3.3 Richer System Interaction and Interoperability 42713.3.3.1 Migrating from Analogue to Digital Device Interaction 42713.3.3.2 Richer Digital Device Interaction 42813.4 Smart Interaction 42813.4.1 Unexpected Connectivity: Accidentally Smart Environments 42813.4.2 Impromptu Service Interoperability 42913.5 Smart Physical Environment Device Interaction 43013.5.1 Context-Awareness: Ill-Defined Contexts Versus a Context-Free World 43013.5.2 Lower Power and Sustainable Energy Usage 43113.5.3 ECO-Friendly UbiCom Devices 43313.6 Smart Human–Device Interaction 43613.6.1 More Diverse Human–Device Interaction 43713.6.2 More Versus Less Natural HCI 43913.6.3 Analogue to Digital and Digital Analogues 43913.6.4 Form Follows Function 44013.6.5 Forms for Multi-Function Devices 44113.7 Human Intelligence Versus Machine Intelligence 44113.7.1 Posthuman: ICT Augments Human Abilities Beyond Being Human 44313.7.2 Blurring of Reality and Mediated Realities 44413.8 Social Issues: Promise Versus Peril 44413.8.1 Increased Virtual Social Interaction Versus Local Social Interaction 44613.8.2 UbiCom Accessible by Everyone 44613.8.3 UbiCom Affordable by Everyone 44713.8.4 Legislation in the Digital World and Digitising Legislation 44813.9 Final Remarks 450Exercises 451References 452Index 455