Environmental Engineering

The Late NELSON L. NEMEROW, PHD, was an environmental engineering and water consultant. He was a professor at the University of Miami and the former head of Environmental Engineering at Syracuse University. He published over 210 technical papers and twenty-three textbooks. FRANKLIN J. AGARDY, PHD, is founding partner of Forensic Management Associates. As a civil engineering professor, he developed San Jose State's graduate program in sanitary engineering. He has written, coauthored, or coedited seven textbooks. PATRICK SULLIVAN, PHD, is founding partner of Forensic Management Associates. Prior to his forensics career, he was a senior environmental analyst at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory at the California Institute of Technology. He has written, coauthored, or coedited five textbooks. The Late JOSEPH A. SALVATO served as a sanitary and public health engineer consultant and assistant commissioner in the Division of Sanitary Engineering for the New York State Department of Health. He was also a Fellow of the ASCE and the APHA and adjunct associate professor at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute.

• Preface xviiContributors xixChapter 1 Industrial Solid Wastes Utilization and Disposal 1Salah M. El-HaggarIntroduction 1Life Cycle Assessment and Cradle-To-Cradle Concept 4Industrial Waste 7Plastics Industry 7Thermo Plastics 9Thermosets 12Mixed Plastic Wastes 13Plastic and Cork Industry 22Food Industry 2Aerobic Fermentation Process 25Anaerobic Fermentation Process 29Cement Industry 31Utilization through Cleaner Production Techniques 33Industrial Ecology Approach 34Recycling Opportunities 36Final Remarks 39Marble and Granite Industry 40Marble and Granite Waste 42Physical and Chemical Properties of Slurry 43Scrapes 44Environmental Impacts and Mitigation 44Metal Foundry Industry 51Foundry Sand 53Uses of Foundry Sand 54Iron and Steel Industry 55Environmental Impacts 56The Problem in Egypt 58Potential Utilization of Slag 58Final Remarks 64Waste Industry 65Direct Waste Recycling Industry 66Multiple Waste Recycling Industry 66Waste Exchange Network Recycling Industry 67Environmentally Balanced Industrial Complexes 69Multiple Waste Recycling Industry 70Mechanical Tests 71Environmental Tests 73Final Remarks 75Disposal of Industrial Wastes 76References 77Bibliography 80Chapter 2 Residential and Institutional Environment 83Xudong YangSubstandard Housing and Its effects 84Growth of the Problem 84Critical Period 86Health, Economic, and Social Effects 88Appraisal of Quality of Living 91APHA Appraisal Method 91Census Data 96Health, Economic, and Social Factors 96Planning 96Environmental Sanitation and Hygiene Indices 97Other Survey Methods 97Health Principles 99Minimum Standards Housing Ordinance 103Housing Program 104Approach 104Components of a Good Housing Program 105Outline of a Housing Program 107Solutions to the Problem 108Selection of Work Areas 110Enforcement Program 111Enforcement Procedures 114Housing Form Paragraphs for Letters 118Structural Safety 119Incomplete Bathroom 119No Hot Water 119Leaking Water Closet 121Floors Not Water Repellent 121Exterior Paint Needed 123Rotted and Missing Siding 123Sagging Wall 123Loose Plaster 124Leaking Roof 124No Gutters or Rain Leaders 124No Handrails 125Lead Paint 125Refuse in Attic 125Water-Closet Flush Tank Not Operating Correctly 125Garbage Stored in Paper Box or Bag 125Dilapidated Garbage Shed 125Debris in Yard or Vacant Lot 126Dirty Apartment 126Overcrowded Sleeping Room 126No Window in Habitable Room 127Unlawful Third-Floor Occupancy 127Unlawful Cellar Occupancy 127Clogged Sewer 127Unvented Heater 127Furnace Flue Defective 128Rubber-Hose Gas Connection 128Rat Infestation 128Roach Infestation 128Overflowing Sewage Disposal System 128Improperly Protected Well-Water Supply 129Major Repairs 129Minor Repairs 129Obtain at Least Three Estimates 129Plumbing 129Plumbing Code 129Backflow Prevention 134Indirect Waste Piping 137Plumbing Details 137Indoor Air Quality 137Causes and Sources of Indoor Air Pollution 137Biological Contaminants and Health Effects 140Other Contaminants 141Ventilation 147Respiratory Illness Control 150Venting of Heating Units 151Mobile Home Parks 154Institution Sanitation 155Institutions as Small Communities 155Hospitals and Nursing Homes 156Hospital and Related Wastes 160Schools, Colleges, and Universities 163Correctional Institutions 163Environment Inspection and Report Outline 167Day-Care Centers 169References 169Bibliography 174Chapter 3 Solid Waste Management 177George TchobanoglousDefinition of Terms 178Integrated Waste Management 180Source Reduction 180Recycling and Composting 182Combustion (Waste-to-Energy) 183Landfills 183Implementing Integrated Solid Waste Management 184Sources, Characteristics, and Quantities of Solid Waste 185Sources of Solid Waste 185Characteristics of Solid Waste 185Commercial and Household Hazardous Waste 189Construction and Demolition Debris 192Special Wastes Collected Separately 193On-Site Handling and Storage 195Low-Rise Residential Areas 196Low- and Medium-Rise Apartments 198High-Rise Apartments 198Commercial and Institution 199Solid Waste Collection 199Type of Service 199Collection Frequency 199Types of Collection Systems 202Personnel Requirements 204Health Issues 207Transfer and Transport 209Economic Analysis of Transfer Operations 209Types of Transfer Stations 210Vehicles for Uncompacted Wastes 211Transfer Station Siting Issues 213Waste Reduction and Materials Recovery 213Waste Reduction 214Materials Recovery and Recycling 217Processing Technologies for the Recovery of Materials 218Implementation of Materials Recovery Facilities 218Technical Considerations in the Planning and Design of MRFs 224Composting 225Uses of Compost and Constraints to Its Use 229Composting Process 230Composting Technologies 232Compost Process Design and Operational Considerations 236Issues in the Implementation of Composting Facilities 239Health Hazards 240Sanitary Landfill Planning, Design, and Operation 242Sanitary Landfill Planning 242Sanitary Landfill Methods 246General Landfill Design Issues 251Leachate Generation, Control, and Treatment 252Landfill Gas Generation, Control, and Recovery and Utilization 258Management of Surface Waters 263Landfill Mining 267Landfill Facilities and Equipment for Disposal by Sanitary Landfill 268Landfill Operation and Supervision 274Summary of Recommended Operating Practices 276Site Closure or Conversion 278Incineration 279Description of Operation of MSW Incinerator 279Combustion Products and Residues 281Types of Incinerators (Combusters) 283Control of the Incineration Process 286Residue Management 287Site Selection, Plant Layout, and Building Design 289Issues in the Implementation of Incineration Facilities 290Hazardous Wastes 292Definition of Hazardous Waste 292Legislation 293Generation of Hazardous Waste 296Hazardous Waste Management 300References 305Bibliography 307Chapter 4 Air Pollution and Noise Control 309Robert Jacko and Timothy La BrecheAir Pollution 309Health Effects 310Economic Effects 311Effects on Plants 314Effects on Animals 315Aesthetic, Climatic, and Related Effects 315Sources and Types of Air Pollution 320Manmade Sources 321Natural Sources 321Types of Air Pollutants 325Sampling and Measurement 326Particulate Sampling—Ambient Air 327Gas Sampling 329Smoke and Soiling Measurement 331Stack Sampling 332Measurement of Materials’ Degradation 333Environmental Factors 333Meteorology 334Topography 338Air Pollution Surveys 340Inventory 340Air Sampling 341Basic Studies and Analyses 341Ambient Air Quality Standards 342Federal Standards 342Clean Air Act of 1990 345Clean Air Act Amendments of 1997 346Pollutant Standards Index (PSI) 347Controls 347Source Control 347Emission Control Equipment 351Particulate Collectors and Separators 351Gaseous Collectors and Treatment Devices 357Dilution by Stack Height 358Planning and Zoning 360Air Quality Modeling 361Program and Enforcement 363General 363Organization and Staffing 365Regulation and Administration 365Noise Control 367Definitions and Explanation of Selected Terms and Properties of Sound 367Effects of Noise—A Health Hazard 375Sources of Noise 376Measurement of Noise 377Methods for Noise Control 378Control of Industrial Noise 380Control of Transport Noise 381Noise Reduction 381Federal Regulations 384State and Local Regulations 387References 388Bibliography 391Air Pollution 391Noise Control 393Chapter 5 Surveying and Mapping for Environmental Engineering 395Kurt W. BauerIntroduction 395Importance of Maps 396Basic Definitions and Concepts 396Foundational Elements for Creation of Maps 396Map Projections 398Tangent Plane Projection 398Lambert Projection 399Mercator Projection 401Transverse Mercator Projection 401Other Projections 401The State Plane Coordinate System 402Survey Control Networks 402The National Geodetic Survey Control System 403U.S. Public Land Survey System 405Map Requirements for Planning and Environmental Engineering 407Desirable Control Survey and Mapping System 409Applications of Mapping System 410Flood Hazard Area Mapping 416Wetland Area Mapping  416Public Works Management Information System 419Sanitary Sewerage System Attribute Data 421Survey Methods 426Bibliography 428Chapter 6 Planning and Environmental Assessment 429Kurt W. BauerIntroduction 429Definition of Terminology 430Criteria for Good Planning 431Institutional Structure for Urban Planning 432The Comprehensive Plan 433The Planning Process 437Definition of Planning Area 438Inventory and Analysis 438Formulation of Objectives and Standards 443Identification of Development Requirements 443Development and Evaluation of Alternative Plans 444Plan Selection and Adoption 444Plan Implementation and Policy Development 445Public Works Development Process 447Outline for a Sewerage Facilities Planning Report 447Outline for a Stormwater Management Facilities Planning Report 453Outline for a Water Supply Facilities Planning Report 460Public Participation 465Continuing Nature of Comprehensive Planning Process 466Project Planning 467Site Planning 469Introduction 469Site Selection 470Site Assessment 471Generally Desirable Site Features 472Site Inventory 473Improvements Needed 478Site Design 478Land Subdivision 480Subdivision Design 482Site Selection and Assessment 484Alternative Subdivision Design Types 486Utility Services 492Fiscal Analysis 494Program Planning 494Operational Planning 496Public Health Element of Comprehensive Plan 497Role of Engineering 502Environmental Assessment and Impact Statements 503Environmental Impact Analysis 505National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) 505Terminology 506Scoping 508Recommended Format for Environmental Impact Statement 509Content of an Environmental Impact Statement 510Selection and Analysis of Alternatives 514Comprehensive Assessment 515Bibliography 524Index 525