Walter Mischel, PhD, is a Niven Professor of Humane Letters in Psychology at Columbia University.Yuichi Shoda is the author of Introduction to Personality: Toward an Integrative Science of the Person, 8th Edition, published by Wiley.Ozlem Ayduk is the author of Introduction to Personality: Toward an Integrative Science of the Person, 8th Edition, published by Wiley.

• Preface and Text Organization vAcknowledgments ixChapter 1 Orientation to Personality 1What is Personality Psychology? 1Theory and Levels of Analysis in Personality Psychology 4Levels of Analysis: Organization of this Book 6Summary 18Key Terms 18Chapter 2 Data, Methods, and Tools 19Why a Science of Personality?: Beyond Hindsight Understanding 19The Range of Personality-Relevant Measures 21Conceptual and Methodological Tools 30Establishing Relationships Among Observations 32Reliability and Validity of Observations and Measures 35The Experimental Approach 37Ethics in Personality Research 39Summary 41Key Terms 41Part I The Trait-Dispositional LevelPrelude to Part I: The Trait-Dispositional Level 43Chapter 3 Types and Traits 45Types and Traits 46Trait Theorists 49Common Features of Trait Theories 56Taxonomy of Human Attributes 57Evidence and Issues 61Summary 70Key Terms 71Chapter 4 The Expressions of Dispositions 72Traits, Situations, and the Personality Paradox 73Incorporating Situations into Traits 75Interactionism in Personality Psychology 82Summary 88Key Terms 88Taking Stock Part I: The Trait-Dispositional Level 89Overview: Focus, Concepts, Methods 89Enduring Contributions of the Trait-Dispositional Level 90Part II The Biological LevelPrelude to Part II: The Biological Level 93Chapter 5 Heredity and Personality 95Genetic Bases of Personality 96Twin Studies 100Gene–Environment Interaction 110Summary 122Key Terms 123Chapter 6 Brain, Evolution, and Personality 124Brain–Personality Links 124Biological Assessment and Change 135Evolutionary Theory and Personality 139Summary 147Key Terms 147Taking Stock Part II: The Biological Level of Analysis 148Overview: Focus, Concepts, Methods 148Enduring Contributions of the Biological Level 148Part III The Psychodynamic-motivational LevelPrelude to Part III: the Psychodynamic-Motivational Level 151Chapter 7 Psychodynamic Theories: Freud’ Conceptions 155Basic Assumptions: Unconscious Mental Determinism 157Psychic Structure: Anatomy of the Mind 159Conflict, Anxiety, and Psychodynamics 164Neurosis 167Personality Development 170Impact of Freud’s Theories 174Summary 175Key Terms 176Chapter 8 Psychodynamic Applications and Processes 177Applications to Personality Assessment 178Murray, the Harvard Personologists, and Higher Motives 184Treatment and Change 191Psychodynamic Processes: Anxiety and the Unconscious 195Current View of Unconscious Processes: the Adaptive Unconscious 199Patterns of Defense: Individual Differences in Cognitive Avoidance 202Summary 207Key Terms 207Chapter 9 Post-Freudian Psychodynamics 209Toward Ego Psychology and the Self 210Erik Erikson’s Psychosocial Theory of Personality Development 221Object Relations Theory and the Self 226Attachment: The Roots of Object Relations 228Summary 236Key Terms 237Taking Stock Part III: The Psychodynamic Level 238Overview: Focus, Concepts, Methods 238Enduring Contributions of the Psychodynamic Level 239Part IV The Behavioral-Conditioning LevelPrelude to Part IV: The Behavioral-Conditioning Level 241Chapter 10 Behavioral Conceptions 245The Behavioral Approach to Psychodynamics: Dollard and Miller 246Recasting Conflict in Learning Terms 247Classical Conditioning: Learning Emotional Associations 253Operant (Instrumental) Conditioning: B.F. Skinner’s Contributions 259Summary 268Key Terms 269Chapter 11 Analyzing and Modifying Behavior 270Characteristics of Behavioral Assessments 271Direct Behavior Measurement 272Assessing Conditions Controlling Behavior 275Changing Emotional Reactions 279Changing Behavior 284Summary 290Key Terms 291Taking Stock Part IV: The Behavioral-Conditoning Level 292Overview: Focus, Concepts, Methods 292Enduring Contributions of the Behavioral-Conditioning Level 292Part V The Phenomenological-humanistic LevelPrelude to Part V: The Phenomenological-Humanistic Level 295Chapter 12 Phenomenological-Humanistic Conceptions 297Sources of Phenomenological-Humanistic Perspectives 298Carl Rogers’s Self Theory 304George Kelly’s Psychology of Personal Constructs 312Common Themes and Issues 320Summary 322Key Terms 322Chapter 13 The Internal View 323Exploring Internal Experience 323Enhancing Self-Awareness: Accessing One’s Experiences 333Change and Well-Being 339Summary 343Key Terms 343Taking Stock Part V: The Phenomenological-Humanistic Level 344Overview: Focus, Concepts, Methods 344Enduring Contributions of the Phenomenological-Humanistic Level 345Part VI The Social Cognitive LevelPrelude to Part VI: the Social Cognitive Level 347Chapter 14 Social Cognitive Conceptions 349Development of the Social Cognitive Level 349Albert Bandura: Social Learning Theory 352Social Cognitive Reconceptualization of Personality: Walter Mischel 357Personality Assessment 366Personality Change and Therapy 371Common Themes 375Summary 377Key Terms 378Chapter 15 Social Cognitive Processes 379Principles of Social Cognition Applied to Personality 379The Self 383Perceived Efficacy, Helplessness, and Mastery 391Summary 400Key Terms 401Taking Stock Part VI: The Social Cognitive Level 402Overview: Focus, Concepts, Methods 402Enduring Contributions of the Social Cognitive Level 403Part VII Integration of Levels: The Person as a Whole Prelude to Part VII: Integration of Levels 405Chapter 16 The Personality System: Integrating the Levels 409What has to be Integrated?: Contributions from Each Level 410Toward Integration: Characteristics of the Personality System 414The Personality System in Action 423Summary 435Key Terms 436Chapter 17 Self-Regulation: From Goal Pursuit to Goal Attainment 437Overview of Contributions to Self-Regulation from Each Level 438Self-Regulatory Processes in Goal Pursuit 441Self-Regulation in Approach (Appetitive) Dilemmas 447Self-Regulation in Avoidance (Aversive) Dilemmas 454Interaction of Hot and Cool Systems in Self-Regulation 457Summary 464Key Terms 465Chapter 18 Personality In Its Social Context and Culture 466Culture and Personality 467Gender and Sex Differences 476Interacting Influences on Personality Development 481What Develops?: the Evolving Self 483Summary 489Key Terms 489Taking Stock Part VII: Integration of Levels: The Person as a Whole 490Prospects for Personality Psychology 490Personology Revisited 490Glossary 492References 508Name Index 549Subject Index 559

Walter Mischel, PhD, is a Niven Professor of Humane Letters in Psychology at Columbia University.Yuichi Shoda is the author of Introduction to Personality: Toward an Integrative Science of the Person, 8th Edition, published by Wiley.Ozlem Ayduk is the author of Introduction to Personality: Toward an Integrative Science of the Person, 8th Edition, published by Wiley.

• Preface and Text Organization vAcknowledgments ixChapter 1 Orientation to Personality 1What is Personality Psychology? 1Theory and Levels of Analysis in Personality Psychology 4Levels of Analysis: Organization of this Book 6Summary 18Key Terms 18Chapter 2 Data, Methods, and Tools 19Why a Science of Personality?: Beyond Hindsight Understanding 19The Range of Personality-Relevant Measures 21Conceptual and Methodological Tools 30Establishing Relationships Among Observations 32Reliability and Validity of Observations and Measures 35The Experimental Approach 37Ethics in Personality Research 39Summary 41Key Terms 41Part I The Trait-Dispositional LevelPrelude to Part I: The Trait-Dispositional Level 43Chapter 3 Types and Traits 45Types and Traits 46Trait Theorists 49Common Features of Trait Theories 56Taxonomy of Human Attributes 57Evidence and Issues 61Summary 70Key Terms 71Chapter 4 The Expressions of Dispositions 72Traits, Situations, and the Personality Paradox 73Incorporating Situations into Traits 75Interactionism in Personality Psychology 82Summary 88Key Terms 88Taking Stock Part I: The Trait-Dispositional Level 89Overview: Focus, Concepts, Methods 89Enduring Contributions of the Trait-Dispositional Level 90Part II The Biological LevelPrelude to Part II: The Biological Level 93Chapter 5 Heredity and Personality 95Genetic Bases of Personality 96Twin Studies 100Gene–Environment Interaction 110Summary 122Key Terms 123Chapter 6 Brain, Evolution, and Personality 124Brain–Personality Links 124Biological Assessment and Change 135Evolutionary Theory and Personality 139Summary 147Key Terms 147Taking Stock Part II: The Biological Level of Analysis 148Overview: Focus, Concepts, Methods 148Enduring Contributions of the Biological Level 148Part III The Psychodynamic-motivational LevelPrelude to Part III: the Psychodynamic-Motivational Level 151Chapter 7 Psychodynamic Theories: Freud’ Conceptions 155Basic Assumptions: Unconscious Mental Determinism 157Psychic Structure: Anatomy of the Mind 159Conflict, Anxiety, and Psychodynamics 164Neurosis 167Personality Development 170Impact of Freud’s Theories 174Summary 175Key Terms 176Chapter 8 Psychodynamic Applications and Processes 177Applications to Personality Assessment 178Murray, the Harvard Personologists, and Higher Motives 184Treatment and Change 191Psychodynamic Processes: Anxiety and the Unconscious 195Current View of Unconscious Processes: the Adaptive Unconscious 199Patterns of Defense: Individual Differences in Cognitive Avoidance 202Summary 207Key Terms 207Chapter 9 Post-Freudian Psychodynamics 209Toward Ego Psychology and the Self 210Erik Erikson’s Psychosocial Theory of Personality Development 221Object Relations Theory and the Self 226Attachment: The Roots of Object Relations 228Summary 236Key Terms 237Taking Stock Part III: The Psychodynamic Level 238Overview: Focus, Concepts, Methods 238Enduring Contributions of the Psychodynamic Level 239Part IV The Behavioral-Conditioning LevelPrelude to Part IV: The Behavioral-Conditioning Level 241Chapter 10 Behavioral Conceptions 245The Behavioral Approach to Psychodynamics: Dollard and Miller 246Recasting Conflict in Learning Terms 247Classical Conditioning: Learning Emotional Associations 253Operant (Instrumental) Conditioning: B.F. Skinner’s Contributions 259Summary 268Key Terms 269Chapter 11 Analyzing and Modifying Behavior 270Characteristics of Behavioral Assessments 271Direct Behavior Measurement 272Assessing Conditions Controlling Behavior 275Changing Emotional Reactions 279Changing Behavior 284Summary 290Key Terms 291Taking Stock Part IV: The Behavioral-Conditoning Level 292Overview: Focus, Concepts, Methods 292Enduring Contributions of the Behavioral-Conditioning Level 292Part V The Phenomenological-humanistic LevelPrelude to Part V: The Phenomenological-Humanistic Level 295Chapter 12 Phenomenological-Humanistic Conceptions 297Sources of Phenomenological-Humanistic Perspectives 298Carl Rogers’s Self Theory 304George Kelly’s Psychology of Personal Constructs 312Common Themes and Issues 320Summary 322Key Terms 322Chapter 13 The Internal View 323Exploring Internal Experience 323Enhancing Self-Awareness: Accessing One’s Experiences 333Change and Well-Being 339Summary 343Key Terms 343Taking Stock Part V: The Phenomenological-Humanistic Level 344Overview: Focus, Concepts, Methods 344Enduring Contributions of the Phenomenological-Humanistic Level 345Part VI The Social Cognitive LevelPrelude to Part VI: the Social Cognitive Level 347Chapter 14 Social Cognitive Conceptions 349Development of the Social Cognitive Level 349Albert Bandura: Social Learning Theory 352Social Cognitive Reconceptualization of Personality: Walter Mischel 357Personality Assessment 366Personality Change and Therapy 371Common Themes 375Summary 377Key Terms 378Chapter 15 Social Cognitive Processes 379Principles of Social Cognition Applied to Personality 379The Self 383Perceived Efficacy, Helplessness, and Mastery 391Summary 400Key Terms 401Taking Stock Part VI: The Social Cognitive Level 402Overview: Focus, Concepts, Methods 402Enduring Contributions of the Social Cognitive Level 403Part VII Integration of Levels: The Person as a Whole Prelude to Part VII: Integration of Levels 405Chapter 16 The Personality System: Integrating the Levels 409What has to be Integrated?: Contributions from Each Level 410Toward Integration: Characteristics of the Personality System 414The Personality System in Action 423Summary 435Key Terms 436Chapter 17 Self-Regulation: From Goal Pursuit to Goal Attainment 437Overview of Contributions to Self-Regulation from Each Level 438Self-Regulatory Processes in Goal Pursuit 441Self-Regulation in Approach (Appetitive) Dilemmas 447Self-Regulation in Avoidance (Aversive) Dilemmas 454Interaction of Hot and Cool Systems in Self-Regulation 457Summary 464Key Terms 465Chapter 18 Personality In Its Social Context and Culture 466Culture and Personality 467Gender and Sex Differences 476Interacting Influences on Personality Development 481What Develops?: the Evolving Self 483Summary 489Key Terms 489Taking Stock Part VII: Integration of Levels: The Person as a Whole 490Prospects for Personality Psychology 490Personology Revisited 490Glossary 492References 508Name Index 549Subject Index 559

Walter Mischel, PhD, is a Niven Professor of Humane Letters in Psychology at Columbia University.Yuichi Shoda is the author of Introduction to Personality: Toward an Integrative Science of the Person, 8th Edition, published by Wiley.Ozlem Ayduk is the author of Introduction to Personality: Toward an Integrative Science of the Person, 8th Edition, published by Wiley.

• Preface and Text Organization vAcknowledgments ixChapter 1 Orientation to Personality 1What is Personality Psychology? 1Theory and Levels of Analysis in Personality Psychology 4Levels of Analysis: Organization of this Book 6Summary 18Key Terms 18Chapter 2 Data, Methods, and Tools 19Why a Science of Personality?: Beyond Hindsight Understanding 19The Range of Personality-Relevant Measures 21Conceptual and Methodological Tools 30Establishing Relationships Among Observations 32Reliability and Validity of Observations and Measures 35The Experimental Approach 37Ethics in Personality Research 39Summary 41Key Terms 41Part I The Trait-Dispositional LevelPrelude to Part I: The Trait-Dispositional Level 43Chapter 3 Types and Traits 45Types and Traits 46Trait Theorists 49Common Features of Trait Theories 56Taxonomy of Human Attributes 57Evidence and Issues 61Summary 70Key Terms 71Chapter 4 The Expressions of Dispositions 72Traits, Situations, and the Personality Paradox 73Incorporating Situations into Traits 75Interactionism in Personality Psychology 82Summary 88Key Terms 88Taking Stock Part I: The Trait-Dispositional Level 89Overview: Focus, Concepts, Methods 89Enduring Contributions of the Trait-Dispositional Level 90Part II The Biological LevelPrelude to Part II: The Biological Level 93Chapter 5 Heredity and Personality 95Genetic Bases of Personality 96Twin Studies 100Gene–Environment Interaction 110Summary 122Key Terms 123Chapter 6 Brain, Evolution, and Personality 124Brain–Personality Links 124Biological Assessment and Change 135Evolutionary Theory and Personality 139Summary 147Key Terms 147Taking Stock Part II: The Biological Level of Analysis 148Overview: Focus, Concepts, Methods 148Enduring Contributions of the Biological Level 148Part III The Psychodynamic-motivational LevelPrelude to Part III: the Psychodynamic-Motivational Level 151Chapter 7 Psychodynamic Theories: Freud’ Conceptions 155Basic Assumptions: Unconscious Mental Determinism 157Psychic Structure: Anatomy of the Mind 159Conflict, Anxiety, and Psychodynamics 164Neurosis 167Personality Development 170Impact of Freud’s Theories 174Summary 175Key Terms 176Chapter 8 Psychodynamic Applications and Processes 177Applications to Personality Assessment 178Murray, the Harvard Personologists, and Higher Motives 184Treatment and Change 191Psychodynamic Processes: Anxiety and the Unconscious 195Current View of Unconscious Processes: the Adaptive Unconscious 199Patterns of Defense: Individual Differences in Cognitive Avoidance 202Summary 207Key Terms 207Chapter 9 Post-Freudian Psychodynamics 209Toward Ego Psychology and the Self 210Erik Erikson’s Psychosocial Theory of Personality Development 221Object Relations Theory and the Self 226Attachment: The Roots of Object Relations 228Summary 236Key Terms 237Taking Stock Part III: The Psychodynamic Level 238Overview: Focus, Concepts, Methods 238Enduring Contributions of the Psychodynamic Level 239Part IV The Behavioral-Conditioning LevelPrelude to Part IV: The Behavioral-Conditioning Level 241Chapter 10 Behavioral Conceptions 245The Behavioral Approach to Psychodynamics: Dollard and Miller 246Recasting Conflict in Learning Terms 247Classical Conditioning: Learning Emotional Associations 253Operant (Instrumental) Conditioning: B.F. Skinner’s Contributions 259Summary 268Key Terms 269Chapter 11 Analyzing and Modifying Behavior 270Characteristics of Behavioral Assessments 271Direct Behavior Measurement 272Assessing Conditions Controlling Behavior 275Changing Emotional Reactions 279Changing Behavior 284Summary 290Key Terms 291Taking Stock Part IV: The Behavioral-Conditoning Level 292Overview: Focus, Concepts, Methods 292Enduring Contributions of the Behavioral-Conditioning Level 292Part V The Phenomenological-humanistic LevelPrelude to Part V: The Phenomenological-Humanistic Level 295Chapter 12 Phenomenological-Humanistic Conceptions 297Sources of Phenomenological-Humanistic Perspectives 298Carl Rogers’s Self Theory 304George Kelly’s Psychology of Personal Constructs 312Common Themes and Issues 320Summary 322Key Terms 322Chapter 13 The Internal View 323Exploring Internal Experience 323Enhancing Self-Awareness: Accessing One’s Experiences 333Change and Well-Being 339Summary 343Key Terms 343Taking Stock Part V: The Phenomenological-Humanistic Level 344Overview: Focus, Concepts, Methods 344Enduring Contributions of the Phenomenological-Humanistic Level 345Part VI The Social Cognitive LevelPrelude to Part VI: the Social Cognitive Level 347Chapter 14 Social Cognitive Conceptions 349Development of the Social Cognitive Level 349Albert Bandura: Social Learning Theory 352Social Cognitive Reconceptualization of Personality: Walter Mischel 357Personality Assessment 366Personality Change and Therapy 371Common Themes 375Summary 377Key Terms 378Chapter 15 Social Cognitive Processes 379Principles of Social Cognition Applied to Personality 379The Self 383Perceived Efficacy, Helplessness, and Mastery 391Summary 400Key Terms 401Taking Stock Part VI: The Social Cognitive Level 402Overview: Focus, Concepts, Methods 402Enduring Contributions of the Social Cognitive Level 403Part VII Integration of Levels: The Person as a Whole Prelude to Part VII: Integration of Levels 405Chapter 16 The Personality System: Integrating the Levels 409What has to be Integrated?: Contributions from Each Level 410Toward Integration: Characteristics of the Personality System 414The Personality System in Action 423Summary 435Key Terms 436Chapter 17 Self-Regulation: From Goal Pursuit to Goal Attainment 437Overview of Contributions to Self-Regulation from Each Level 438Self-Regulatory Processes in Goal Pursuit 441Self-Regulation in Approach (Appetitive) Dilemmas 447Self-Regulation in Avoidance (Aversive) Dilemmas 454Interaction of Hot and Cool Systems in Self-Regulation 457Summary 464Key Terms 465Chapter 18 Personality In Its Social Context and Culture 466Culture and Personality 467Gender and Sex Differences 476Interacting Influences on Personality Development 481What Develops?: the Evolving Self 483Summary 489Key Terms 489Taking Stock Part VII: Integration of Levels: The Person as a Whole 490Prospects for Personality Psychology 490Personology Revisited 490Glossary 492References 508Name Index 549Subject Index 559