ROBERT H. CLARK, OC, MENG, PENG, has been studying and working with tidal-electric power since the late 1950s, beginning with his work with the International Passamaquoddy Engineering Board. As chief hydraulic engineer with Canada's Department of Energy, Mines and Resources, he led the research into the viability of exploiting the Bay of Fundy's tidal resources. Mr. Clark has been appointed an Officer of the Order of Canada (OC).

• Preface xiAcknowledgments xv1 Historical Development 12 Tidal Phenomenon 72.1 Introduction 72.2 Ocean Tides 82.3 Types of Tides 92.4 Propagation of Tides in Estuaries 122.5 Coriolis Effect 132.6 Barrage Effects 133 Tidal Power Potential and Site Selection 153.1 Hydroelectric Versus Tidal-Electric Developments 153.2 Site Potential Estimation 173.3 Coefficient of the Tide 193.4 Major Factors Influencing Project Economics 203.5 Site Selection 204 Management and Organization of Investigations 254.1 Management 254.2 Organization 284.3 Feasibility Studies 295 Tidal Power Schemes and Modes of Operation 355.1 Single-Basin Development, Single-Effect Mode of Operation 355.2 Single-Basin Development, Double-Effect Mode of Operation 385.3 Pumping to Augment Tidal-Effect 405.4 Linked-Basin Developments 425.5 Paired-Basin Developments 455.6 Retiming of Tidal Energy 456 Basic Data 476.1 Introduction 476.2 General Physiography of the Estuary 486.3 Geology 496.4 Tides 506.5 Waves 546.6 Tidal Currents 546.7 Suspended and Mobile Sediments 556.8 Ecosystem Characteristics 587 Hydraulic and Numerical Models in Feasibility Investigations 597.1 Introduction 597.2 Hydraulic Models 607.3 Numerical Models for Estuaries 627.4 Hybrid Models 677.5 Modeling of Barrier Effects 677.6 Mathematical Model for Closure Activities 697.7 Utility System Planning and Simulation 698 Civil Works for Tidal Power Development 718.1 Introduction 718.2 Dry Versus Wet Construction 728.3 Design Parameters 778.4 Caisson Design 808.5 Dikes 878.6 Construction Schedules 959 Electromechanical Equipment for a Tidal Plant 979.1 Introduction 979.2 Specific Requirements for Tidal Generating Equipment 989.3 Types of Turbines 999.4 Generators 1139.5 Electrical Equipment 1149.6 Transmission 11510 Optimization of Plant Output 11710.1 Principal Variables 11710.2 Energy Production and Optimization 11810.3 Simulation of Operation 12010.4 Development of Models 12110.5 Plant Optimization 12411 Integration of Output with Electric Utility Systems 12911.1 Introduction 12911.2 Absorption of Raw Tidal Energy 13211.3 Enhancing Raw Tidal Energy Output 13711.4 System Considerations 14112 Economic Evaluation 14912.1 Introduction 14912.2 Economic Cost Parameters 15212.3 Economic Analysis 15312.4 Sensitivity Analysis 15512.5 Risk Assessment 15713 Social and Regional Impacts 15914 Environmental Aspects 16514.1 Unique Effects 16714.2 Agricultural Aspects 17414.3 Floods and Drainage 17514.4 Birds 17614.5 Fish and Fisheries 17714.6 Recreation and Tourism 17814.7 Transportation 17914.8 Summary 17915 Existing Tidal-Electric Developments 18315.1 La Rance Tidal-Electric Plant 18415.2 Jiangxia Tidal-Electric Plant 19415.3 Kislaya Guba Experimental Plant 19515.4 Annapolis Tidal-Electric Plant 19816 Potential Developments 20716.1 Argentina 20816.2 Australia 21116.3 Brazil 21416.4 Canada 21516.5 Canada–United States 22416.6 China 22616.7 France 22616.8 India 22816.9 Korea 23016.10 Mexico 23316.11 Russian Federation 23416.12 United Kingdom 23816.13 United States 242Appendix A: Tidal Generation Optimization Models 245Glossary of Terms 255References 263Bibliography 275Index 277

ROBERT H. CLARK, OC, MENG, PENG, has been studying and working with tidal-electric power since the late 1950s, beginning with his work with the International Passamaquoddy Engineering Board. As chief hydraulic engineer with Canada's Department of Energy, Mines and Resources, he led the research into the viability of exploiting the Bay of Fundy's tidal resources. Mr. Clark has been appointed an Officer of the Order of Canada (OC).

• Preface xiAcknowledgments xv1 Historical Development 12 Tidal Phenomenon 72.1 Introduction 72.2 Ocean Tides 82.3 Types of Tides 92.4 Propagation of Tides in Estuaries 122.5 Coriolis Effect 132.6 Barrage Effects 133 Tidal Power Potential and Site Selection 153.1 Hydroelectric Versus Tidal-Electric Developments 153.2 Site Potential Estimation 173.3 Coefficient of the Tide 193.4 Major Factors Influencing Project Economics 203.5 Site Selection 204 Management and Organization of Investigations 254.1 Management 254.2 Organization 284.3 Feasibility Studies 295 Tidal Power Schemes and Modes of Operation 355.1 Single-Basin Development, Single-Effect Mode of Operation 355.2 Single-Basin Development, Double-Effect Mode of Operation 385.3 Pumping to Augment Tidal-Effect 405.4 Linked-Basin Developments 425.5 Paired-Basin Developments 455.6 Retiming of Tidal Energy 456 Basic Data 476.1 Introduction 476.2 General Physiography of the Estuary 486.3 Geology 496.4 Tides 506.5 Waves 546.6 Tidal Currents 546.7 Suspended and Mobile Sediments 556.8 Ecosystem Characteristics 587 Hydraulic and Numerical Models in Feasibility Investigations 597.1 Introduction 597.2 Hydraulic Models 607.3 Numerical Models for Estuaries 627.4 Hybrid Models 677.5 Modeling of Barrier Effects 677.6 Mathematical Model for Closure Activities 697.7 Utility System Planning and Simulation 698 Civil Works for Tidal Power Development 718.1 Introduction 718.2 Dry Versus Wet Construction 728.3 Design Parameters 778.4 Caisson Design 808.5 Dikes 878.6 Construction Schedules 959 Electromechanical Equipment for a Tidal Plant 979.1 Introduction 979.2 Specific Requirements for Tidal Generating Equipment 989.3 Types of Turbines 999.4 Generators 1139.5 Electrical Equipment 1149.6 Transmission 11510 Optimization of Plant Output 11710.1 Principal Variables 11710.2 Energy Production and Optimization 11810.3 Simulation of Operation 12010.4 Development of Models 12110.5 Plant Optimization 12411 Integration of Output with Electric Utility Systems 12911.1 Introduction 12911.2 Absorption of Raw Tidal Energy 13211.3 Enhancing Raw Tidal Energy Output 13711.4 System Considerations 14112 Economic Evaluation 14912.1 Introduction 14912.2 Economic Cost Parameters 15212.3 Economic Analysis 15312.4 Sensitivity Analysis 15512.5 Risk Assessment 15713 Social and Regional Impacts 15914 Environmental Aspects 16514.1 Unique Effects 16714.2 Agricultural Aspects 17414.3 Floods and Drainage 17514.4 Birds 17614.5 Fish and Fisheries 17714.6 Recreation and Tourism 17814.7 Transportation 17914.8 Summary 17915 Existing Tidal-Electric Developments 18315.1 La Rance Tidal-Electric Plant 18415.2 Jiangxia Tidal-Electric Plant 19415.3 Kislaya Guba Experimental Plant 19515.4 Annapolis Tidal-Electric Plant 19816 Potential Developments 20716.1 Argentina 20816.2 Australia 21116.3 Brazil 21416.4 Canada 21516.5 Canada–United States 22416.6 China 22616.7 France 22616.8 India 22816.9 Korea 23016.10 Mexico 23316.11 Russian Federation 23416.12 United Kingdom 23816.13 United States 242Appendix A: Tidal Generation Optimization Models 245Glossary of Terms 255References 263Bibliography 275Index 277