Subsurface Sensing

AHMET S. TURK, PhD, has been working on land mine detection systems as a ground-penetrating impulse radar RF system and antenna designer since 1998. Dr. Turk has over thirty technical publications in the areas of high frequency and microwave radars, RF communication devices, and ultra-wide band antennas. A. KOKSAL HOCAOGLU, PhD, has worked on image and signal analysis projects such as vehicle detection and recognition, detection of tripwires, acoustic signature analysis, and multi-sensor fusion for target recognition and tracking. He has been active in land mine detection algorithm research since 1998. Dr. Hocaoglu has over thirty technical publications in the areas of image and signal processing and pattern recognition.ALEXEY A. VERTIY, DSc., PhD, has been working on quasi-optical imaging, generating sub-THz Smith-Purcell radiation, super low-temperature millimeter wave spectroscopy for nuclear polarized targets, and subsurface microwave and sub-THz tomography systems for security, remote sensing, non-destructive testing, and medical applications. Dr. Vertiy has over one hundred sixty scientific publications in the areas of microwave and millimeter wave technologies, including coauthorship of two books.

"I highly recommend the essential and definitive book Subsurface Sensing edited by Subsurface Sensing, to any students, engineers, practitioners, business leaders, and policy makers seeking a complete overview of the theory, technology, and applications of the critical field of subsurface sensing. This book is a must for anyone with an interest or need for subsurface detection in any area of engineering, resources, business, or scientific research." (Blog Business World, 18 December 2011)

• Contributors xiii Preface xvii1 Introduction 1Relevant Resources 4References 42 Sensor Types 72.1 Introduction 7A. S. Turk2.2 Ground-Penetrating Radar 8A. S. Turk2.3 Electromagnetic Induction Detector 19A. S. Turk2.4 Microwave Tomography Method 23A. A. Vertiy2.5 Acoustic and Seismic Sensor 29A. K. Hocaoglu2.6 Optical Detectors (Infrared and Hyperspectral) 36A. K. Hocaoglu2.7 Biochemical Sensors 37M. Harbeck and Z. Z. Ozturk2.8 Nuclear Sensors 44A. N. BilgeReferences 483 Ground-Penetrating Radar 553.1 Introduction 55A. S. Turk3.2 GPR System Design 57A. S. Turk3.3 GPR Hardware 64A. S. Turk, P. van Genderen, A. G. Yarovoy, and I. Nicolaescu3.4 GPR Antennas 83A. S. Turk3.5 Signal-Processing Techniques 96A. K. Hocaoglu3.6 Imaging Algorithms 108C. Ozdemir3.7 Numerical Modeling of GPR 122S. Aksoy, E. Basaran, and E. Ozturk3.8 Detection and Classification Algorithms 146A. K. HocaogluReferences 1624 Electromagnetic Induction 175H. Ewald4.1 Introduction to Metal Detectors 1754.2 Inductive Metal Detectors: Types of Probes, Excitation, and Coil Arrangements 1794.3 Influence of the Soil Properties 1964.4 Modeling Inductive Metal Detectors 2024.5 Advanced Signal-Processing and Pattern Recognition Systems for Metal Detection 2114.6 Conclusions 223References 2245 Microwave Tomography 2275.1 Overview 227A. A. Vertiy5.2 Electromagnetic Tomography 228F. Soldovieri and L. Crocco5.3 Multifrequency Tomographic Method 255A. A. Vertiy and S. Gavrilov5.4 Diffraction Multiview Tomographic Method in the Microwave and Millimeter-Wave Bands 310A. O. Salman, A. A. Vertiy, and S. Gavrilov5.5 Nonlinear Inversion Algorithms 365L. Crocco and F. SoldovieriReferences 3776 Acoustic and Seismic Sensors 387H. Asanuma6.1 Overview 3876.2 Operating Principles and Sensor Physics 3896.3 Sensor Installation 4006.4 Multicomponent Techniques 4036.5 Limitations 4086.6 Future Prospects 409References 4107 Auxiliary Sensors 4137.1 Overview 413A. N. Bilge7.2 Biological and Chemical Methods of Explosive Detection 414M. Harbeck and Z. Z. Ozturk7.3 Nuclear Quadrupole Resonance 429G. V. Mozzhukhin and B. Z. Rameev7.4 X-ray, Gamma-ray, and Neutron Techniques 451A. N. Bilge7.5 Electric Impedance Tomography 460A. S. Turk7.6 Infrared and Hyperspectral Systems 465J. E. McFee and S. AchalReferences 4848 Multisensor Fusion 501A. K. Hocaoglu8.1 Preview 5018.2 Data Association 5038.3 Fusion Architectures 5038.4 Probabilistic Sensor Fusion 5058.5 Fuzzy Integrals for Information Fusion 5138.6 Artificial Neural Networks 5178.7 Summary 523References 5239 Geophysical Applications 5259.1 Introduction 525E. C. Slob9.2 Electromagnetic Properties of Soils 526E. C. Slob, S. Lambot, and E. Pettinelli9.3 Hydrogeophysics 567S. Lambot, E. Pettinelli, S. S. Hubbard, E. C. Slob, E. Bloem, and V. E. A. Post9.4 Contaminant Remediation 600S. S. Hubbard9.5 Agricultural Geophysics 618B. Allred, J. Butnor, D. L. Corwin, R. Eigenberg, H. Farahani, K. H. Johnsen, S. Lambot, D. McInnis, E. Pettinelli, L. Samuelson, and B. Woodbury9.6 Archaeology and Cultural Heritage 644E. Pettinelli, P. M. Barone, E. Mattei, A. Di Matteo, and F. SoldovieriReferences 66710 Remote Sensing and Security 68910.1 Introduction 689A. A. Vertiy10.2 Through-Wall Imaging and Detection 690A. A. Vertiy and S. Gavrilov10.3 Millimeter-WaveBand Passive Imaging 721A. Denisov and A. A. VertiyReferences 74011 Mine Detection 74311.1 The Landmine Problem 743A. G. Yarovoy11.2 Overview of Demining Techniques 745A. G. Yarovoy11.3 Advanced Electromagnetic Induction Sensor 747A. G. Yarovoy and H. Ewald11.4 Ground-Penetrating Radar 750A. G. Yarovoy11.5 Electrooptical Sensors 753A. G. Yarovoy11.6 Chemical Sensor Arrays for Mine Detection 755Z. Z. Ozturk and M. Harbeck11.7 Sensor Fusion 757A. G. Yarovoy11.8 ALIS: A Handheld Multisensor System for Landmine Detection 758M. Sato11.9 Conclusions 769References 76912 Transportation and Civil Engineering 77312.1 Introduction 773E. Proverbio12.2 Proper Sensor Types 785E. Proverbio12.3 Ground-Penetrating Radar for Road Characterization 795A. S. Turk and F. Soldovieri12.4 Eddy Current Tomography for Three-Dimensional Imaging in Conductive Materials 818A. A. Vertiy12.5 Ultrasonic Methods for Nondestructive Testing 824D. Cleland12.6 Impact Echo 836E. Proverbio12.7 Diagnostic Methods for Concrete and Bridges by Acoustic Emission 844J. Stryk and K. Pospisil12.8 Vibroacoustic Monitoring of Concrete Structures 860S. Radkowski12.9 Application of Nuclear Techniques for Civil Engineering 872A. N. BilgeReferences 877Index 885